Evaluation of the Effectiveness of the Prison System Essay -- Prison J

The failure of imprisonment has been one of the most noticeable features of the current crisis in criminal justice systems. At best, prisons are able to provide a form of crude retri providedion to those unfortunate to be apprehended. At worst, prisons are brutalizing, cannot be shown to rehabilitate or deter offenders, and are detrimental to the re-entry of offenders into society. If anything, they do dwarfish else than confine most prisoners, and as a result lead to the imposition of certain undesirable learning habits and labels. Such habits include the learning of survival patterns of behavior, which do little to help the prisoner to be reintegrated as a useful and productive member of the community. It has been established that prison work or training experiences both too often fail to impart skills that can be usefully applied once the prisoner is released. The prison experience also acts as a stigmatising one, so that the prisoner finds that so ciety labels them as an undesirable or untrustworthy person, despite the fact that he/she has ostensibly been rehabilitated (Bartollas, 1985). Both ideological and socioeconomic pressures scarper an important role in bringing about changes to the concept of punishment and the methods of dealing with the criminal deviant. To date, however, there has been an increasing pressure for the avoidance and the minimisation of the penal servitude. The general consensus of much criminological opinion is that imprisonment as a corrective and punitive method has failed. What has emerged in response to this failure is the notion of community-based department of corrections, a movement that has received both intellect... ...e. The prison institution is only a phenomenon of relatively recent times in the history of man, it is by no style true that society is unable to accommodate other means of social control (Andenaes, 1974). What needs to be reviewed is not so mu ch the methods of correction but the basic doctrines of punishment themselves. The introduction of all these new schemes may only serve the purpose of extending social control, instead of defeating, many social problems. In fact, community-based corrections may be seen as undermining, not assisting, movement towards fundamental change in the criminal justice system. Alternatives, therefore, need to be clearly and completely divide and distinguished from the traditional prison system and the culture of imprisonment if they are to have any greater hope of being successful.

Of Miracles by David Hume Essays -- Empiricists, Empiricism

Of Miracles by David HumeIn David Hume?s paper ?Of Miracles,? Hume presents a various number of cables concerning why people ought not to count in any miracles. Hume does not think that miracles do not exist it is just that we should not deliberate in them because they hand no rational background. one of his arguments is just by definition miracles are unbelievable. And have no rational means in believing miracles. Another argument is that most miracles tend to enumerate from uncivilized countries and the witnesses typically have conflicts of interest and counterdict each others experiences. Both of these arguments are valid however they tend to be weak. I think that Hume?s strongest argument is that he claims there is no credibility to the testimony behind the miracles. In Hume?s argument he says ?that there is no testimony for any, even those which have not been expressly detected, that is not opposed by an infinite number of witnesses so that not only the miracle destr oys the credit of the testimony, but the testimony destroys itself.? To make this dismiss Hume uses religious matters. Many religions use miracles as a foundation. ?Every miracle, therefor, pretended to have been wrought in any of these religions as its direct scope is to rise the particular organization to which it is attributed so has it the same force, though bore indirectly, to overthrow every other system.? If the miracles try to destroy a system, a religion, it destroys the credit of the miracles themselves, and the system in which they were established. Since most religions are based on miracles and try to destroy each other with contrary miracles and then we as humans have no reasoning on which miracle to believe in. Therefore what I ... ...may not be any rationality behind the miracles its just something mankind must do. I do not know what Hume?s reaction would be to this kind of an argument but I am sure he would find something wrong nearly it and lead us to bel ieve that miracles are still something that people ought not believe in. Miracles do happen. They have happened in the past and will remain occurring in the future. The question is not whether or not miracles exist, but whether we should believe in them or not. Hume discusses, in ?Of Miracles,? many reasons why we should not believe in such(prenominal) miracles for various reasons. However I have made a counter argument of Hume?s in saying that we must believe in miracles and if we do not have any faith that they are true then society would fail and not develop. Miracles are something that exist and are something that we have to believe in.

Comparing Don Juan and Jack Worthing Essay -- Literary Analysis

The impressiveness of Being Earnest by Oscar Wilde and dress Juan by Lord Byron are two distinctive pieces in British literature. In both stories, the male characters take center stage. The character of Jack Worthing in The brilliance of Being Earnest and Juan in Don Juan share many similarities. Both men are from the upper class, both take an avid interest in the opposite sex, and both are controlled by the women in their lives. The difference between these two characters arises in their moments and may stem from the fact that each author is from a distinct literary era. Lord Byrons work is associated with the Romantic movement, amovement concerned about bringing genuine characteristics to the forefront in night club to break barriers between classes. In Don Juan, Juan, after having an affair with a married woman, is sent off to travel by his motherpossibly so he does not have to face society after such a scandal. His affair and subservience shows he is weak. Despite his ari stocracy, Bryon shows Juan as a damage character in order to make him relatable to all classes. Oscar Wildes work is considered part of the late Victorian era, a period that was all about appearances. At the end of The Importance of Being Earnest, Jack blackmails his way into marrying a girl of equal status, Gwendolen. This act shows that he is manipulativeeverything he does is for his own benefit. Jack is shown to be to concerned about his own appearance and does not care who he hurts in the process. Each author describes each male characters outcome in relation to the literary movement he was connected to.One similarity Jack and Juan share is that they are both from the upper class. In Don Juan, Lord Byron provides the au... ...Works CitedCraft, Christopher. Alias Bunbury Desire and Termination in The Importance of Being Earnest. Jstor.org. University of California Press, 1990. 19-46 Web. 1 May 2012Clubbe, John. Keats-Shelley Journal Vol. 24. 1975. 152-55. PrintLauber, John. Don Juan as Anti-Epic Studies in English Literature, 1500-1900 Vol. 8, No. 4, Nineteenth Century (Autumn, 1968), pp. 607-619 Lord Byron. Don Juan. The Norton Anthology of English Litearture. 8th ed. Vol. D. New York. Norton. 2006. 670-697.PrintRomanticism. The Free Dictionary. Farlex. Web. 30 Apr. 2012.Sigmund Freud Quotes. Sigmund Freud Quotes (Author of the Interpretation of Dreams). Goodreads Inc. Web. 01 May 2012.Wilde, Oscar. The Importance of Being Earnest. The Norton Anthology of English Literature.8th ed. Vol E. New York. Norton. 2006. 1698-1740Print.

The Allegorical Young Goodman Brown :: Young Goodman Brown YGB

The Allegorical Young Good globe Brown The story about Young Goodman Brown centers around the allegory of a man pitted against his past and his desires to reach beyond that which his benighted heaven would put before him. The allegory is Christian due to the references in Young Goodman Brown to the rebuke and Satan it only seems logical that the crux of the story is based upon the religious imagery of Hawthornes New England in the times of Salem and active religious strife. The starting signal of the story mentions the ripemans wife, Faith. The names of the characters alone serve as an indication of what Hawthorne puts as an obvious religious allegory with the sizableman and faith soon to be pitted against an ineffable evil. The goodman even swears that after this night he will cling to her skirts and follow her to heaven. The fiend awaits Young Goodman Brown as he states that the clock of the old southmost was striking but a few minutes past (Hawthorne is stating how quickly the devil can move--intensifying the airs of the preternatural). Young Goodman Brown replies to the devil that faith was charge him away--Hawthornes play on words should not be overlooked as this also leads to the realization that a man (a good one) can deal with the devil and possibly win. At this stage in the story the reader still has hope for the goodman who must now deal with what he feels is his duty honor-bound. A good man in Hawthornes day was a person who came from a proper lineage. This very lineage Hawthorne exploits as he begins the goodmans discourse with the devil. The goodman claims that he is from a family of good men that have never been into the forest on such an errand to meet the devil Hawthorne depends upon this defense to criticize the patriarchal lineage upon which a person places his worth. This calculate is quickly derailed as the devil himself states that all of his ancestors were with him as they tortured women in Salem or burned to the ground Indian vi llages, and afterwards the devil and his ancestors would go for a friendly walk. Hawthorne has derided the institution of Young Goodman Browns lineage, and his societys view of honor by pointing to some simple facts. The question remains as to whom or what is the devil.

King Lear :: essays research papers

tabby Lear Theme Of BlindnessWilliam ShakespeareIn Shakespearean terms, blindness means a full-length different thing. Blindness backside norm all toldy be defined as the inability of the eye to see, but according to Shakespeare, blindness is not only a physical quality, but also a mental flaw some people possess. One of Shakespeares dominant themes in his play King Lear is that of blindness. King Lear, Gloucester, and Albany are three prime examples, of how Shakespeare incorporates the theme of blindness into the story. Each of these characters blindness is the primary cause of the bad decisions he makes decisions which all of them will eventually come to regret.King Lear is a character who is most affected by blindness. Due to Lears high position in society, he is supposed to be able to distinguish the good from the bad unfortunately, his lack of insight prevents him from doing so. Lears first act of blindness comes at the beginning of the play. First, he is easily deceived by his two eldest daughters exaggerated declarations statingSir, I love you much than words can wield the matter Dearer than eye-sight, space, and libertyBeyond what can be valued, rich or rare No less than life, with grace, health, beauty, honourAs much as child eer loved, or father build A love that makes breath poor, and speech unableBeyond all manner of so much I love you. (I.I.56-63)Lear is unable to see the universe of Cordelias aline love for him when she says Unhappy that I am, I cannot heave My heart into my mouth I love your majesty According to my bond nor more nor less. (I.I.96-98) As a result, Lear banished Cordelia from his kingdom with the following words ..................................for we Have no such daughter, nor shall ever see That face of her again. Therefore be gone Without our grace, our love, our benison. (I.I.290-293) Lears blindness also causes him to banish one of his loyal followers, Kent. Kent is able to see Cordelias true love for her father, and tried to protect her from her blind fathers irrationality. After Kent is banished, he created a disguise for himself and is eventually hired by Lear as a servant. Lears inability to determine his servants true identity proved once again how blind Lear actually is. As the play progressed, Lears eyesight reached closer to 20/20 vision. He realise how immoral his two eldest daughters really were after they locked him out of the castle during a tremendous storm.

Word Recognition for the Journey of Life :: Education, Phonics

Most adults are able to see newsworthinesss and instantly drive in their meaning. For example, we will see the word futon and associate it with furniture and not foods. Word recognition is a skill that is developed over years and occurs in stages. It is important for teachers to recognize these stages and Jennings, Caldwell and Lerner (2010) stress that lettered those stages will allow teachers to help those students with requireing troubles (pg. 191). The first stage Jennings, Caldwell and Lerner (2010) mentioned is Logographic or the visual cue reading stage. You will often hear a mothers say that her child bear read because he or she recognizes words of famous landmarks. This is because they recognized word using only visual cue (pg. 191). They past shift to the second stage of break danceial alphabetic stage or phonic cue recoding stage. In this stage, children have a working noesis of the alphabet. Jennings, Caldwell and Lerner (2010) made clear that children are not reading whole words but are only looking at the first and last part of words and also mostly relying on pictures and context (pg. 192). From this stage, children move into the full alphabetic stage. Jennings, Caldwell and Lerner (2010) say by then they are paying attention to the design of words and how vowels are situated (pg. 192). The last stage is big accomplishment in reading. Known as the sight word reading stage children automatically recognize words without chunking or sounding out. It is within this stage that comprehension takes place.Phonics help children learn to read. It is the first step in decoding or sounding out words. The first step in teaching phonic is to teach children how to identify each letter by its name and their sounds. Flashcards are grand to use in this process. The letters can be shown and students say the sounds. As they progress I would implement phonogram as described by Jennings, Caldwell and Lerner (2010). Children need to know how combinations of letters make sounds. For example ck say k as in clock. I would teach this through word games. I would also show them that they can change letters to make new words e words such as cat into hat. Jennings, Caldwell and Lerner (2010) went on to say that it is also effective to read a book with decodable words and manipulate letters in words to make other words (pg.

Word Recognition for the Journey of Life :: Education, Phonics

Most adults are able to see haggle and instantly know their meaning. For voice, we will see the word futon and associate it with furniture and not foods. Word recognition is a skill that is developed over years and occurs in typifys. It is important for teachers to recognize these stages and Jennings, Caldwell and Lerner (2010) stress that knowing those stages will allow teachers to wait on those students with reading troubles (pg. 191). The original stage Jennings, Caldwell and Lerner (2010) mentioned is Logographic or the visual cue reading stage. You will often hear a mothers say that her child after part read because he or she recognizes words of famous landmarks. This is because they recognized word using only visual cue (pg. 191). They then shift to the second stage of partial alphabetic stage or phonic cue recoding stage. In this stage, children have a working knowledge of the alphabet. Jennings, Caldwell and Lerner (2010) made clear that children are not reading whole words but are only looking at the first and last part of words and also loosely relying on pictures and context (pg. 192). From this stage, children move into the full alphabetic stage. Jennings, Caldwell and Lerner (2010) say by then they are paying attention to the pattern of words and how vowels are set (pg. 192). The last stage is big accomplishment in reading. Known as the sight word reading stage children automatically recognize words without unitisation or sounding out. It is within this stage that comprehension takes place.Phonics help children learn to read. It is the first step in decoding or sounding out words. The first step in teaching phonic is to teach children how to identify each letter by its name and their sounds. Flashcards are great to use in this process. The letter can be shown and students say the sounds. As they progress I would implement phonogram as described by Jennings, Caldwell and Lerner (2010). Children need to know how combinations of letters shed sounds. For example ck say k as in clock. I would teach this through word games. I would also show them that they can change letters to make new words e words such as cat into hat. Jennings, Caldwell and Lerner (2010) went on to say that it is also effective to read a book with decodable words and manipulate letters in words to make other words (pg.

A Game of Thrones Chapter Fifty-eight

EddardThe straw on the floor stank of urine. There was no window, no bed, not even a slop bucket. He remembered walls of pale red tilt fes similarlyned with patches of nitre, a grey door of splintered wood, four inches thick and studded with iron. He had seen them, briefly, a quick glimpse as they shoved him inside. Once the door had slammed shut, he had seen no more. The dark was absolute. He had as well been blind.Or dead. Buried with his king. Ah, Robert, he murmured as his groping hand touched a cold stone wall, his nog throbbing with every motion. He remembered the jest the king had sh ared in the crypts of Winterfell, as the Kings of Winter looked on with cold stone eyes. The king eats, Robert had said, and the Hand takes the shit. How he had laughed. Yet he had gotten it wrong. The king dies, Ned Stark impression, and the Hand is buried.The dungeon was under the Red Keep, deeper than he dared imagine. He remembered the old stories about Maegor the Cruel, who murdered all t he masons who push on his castle, so they might never reveal its darks.He damned them all Littlefinger, Janos Slynt and his gold cloaks, the business leader, the Kingslayer, Py mobile phonee and Varys and Ser Barristan, even Lord Renly, Roberts own blood, who had run when he was involve most. Yet in the end he blamed himself. Fool, he cried to the darkness, thrice-damned blind fool.Cersei Lannisters face seemed to float before him in the darkness. Her hair was full of sunlight, but in that location was mockery in her smile. When you play the game of thrones, you win or you die, she whispered. Ned had played and lost, and his men had paid the price of his folly with their lifes blood.When he aspect of his daughters, he would wear wept gladly, but the tears would not come. Even now, he was a Stark of Winterfell, and his grief and his rage froze hard inside him.When he kept very still, his ramification did not hurt so much, so he did his surpass to lie unmoving. For how long he could not say. There was no sun and no moon. He could not see to mark the walls. Ned closed his eyes and opened them it made no difference. He slept and woke and slept again. He did not make do which was more painful, the waking or the sleeping. When he slept, he dreamed dark disturbing dreams of blood and bustn promises. When he woke, there was nothing to do but think, and his waking thoughts were worse than nightmares. The thought of Cat was as painful as a bed of nettles. He wondered where she was, what she was doing. He wondered whether he would ever see her again.Hours turned to days, or so it seemed. He could feel a dull ache in his shattered leg, an itch on a lower floor the plaster. When he touched his thigh, the flesh was hot to his fingers. The only sound was his breathing. later a time, he began to talk aloud, plainly to hear a voice. He made plans to keep himself sane, built castles of hope in the dark. Roberts brothers were out in the world, aggrandisement armie s at Dragonstone and Storms End. Alyn and Harwin would return to Kings Landing with the rest of his household guard at one time they had dealt with Ser Gregor. Catelyn would raise the north when the word reached her, and the lords of river and mountain and Vale would join her.He put up himself thinking of Robert more and more. He saw the king as he had been in the flower of his callowness, tall and handsome, his great antlered helm on his head, his warhammer in hand, sitting his horse like a horned god. He heard his laughter in the dark, saw his eyes, blue and clear as mountain lakes. intuitive feeling at us, Ned, Robert said. Gods, how did we come to this? You here, and me killed by a pig. We won a throne together . . . I failed you, Robert, Ned thought. He could not say the words. I lied to you, hid the truth. I let them kill you.The king heard him. You stiff-necked fool, he muttered, too proud to listen. Can you eat pride, Stark? Will honor shield your children? Cracks ran d eck his face, fissures opening in the flesh, and he reached up and ripped the mask away. It was not Robert at all it was Littlefinger, grinning, mocking him. When he opened his mouth to speak, his lies turned to pale grey moths and took wing.Ned was half-asleep when the footsteps came down the hall. At first he thought he dreamt them it had been so long since he had heard anything but the sound of his own voice. Ned was feverish by then, his leg a dull agony, his lips parched and cracked. When the heavy wooden door creaked open, the sudden light was painful to his eyes.A gaoler cast off a lock at him. The clay was cool and beaded with moisture. Ned grasped it with both hands and gulped eagerly. Water ran from his mouth and dripped down through his beard. He drank until he thought he would be sick. How long . . . ? he asked weakly when he could drink no more.The gaoler was a scarecrow of a man with a rats face and frayed beard, turn in a mail shirt and a leather half cape. No talk ing, he said as he wrenched the jug from Neds hands.Please, Ned said, my daughters . . . The door crashed shut. He blinked as the light vanished, lowered his head to his chest, and curled up on the straw. It no longer stank of urine and shit. It no longer smelled at all.He could no longer split up the difference between waking and sleeping. The memory came creeping upon him in the darkness, as vivid as a dream. It was the year of false spring, and he was eighteen again, down from the Eyrie to the tourney at Harrenhal. He could see the deep green of the grass, and smell the pollen on the wind. Warm days and cool nights and the unfermented taste of wine. He remembered Brandons laughter, and Roberts berserk valor in the melee, the way he laughed as he unhorsed men left and right. He remembered Jaime Lannister, a golden youth in scaled white fit, kneeling on the grass in front of the kings pavilion and making his vows to protect and defend King Aerys. Afterward, Ser Oswell Whent hel ped Jaime to his feet, and the White motherfucker himself, Lord Commander Ser Gerold Hightower, fastened the snowy cloak of the Kingsguard about his shoulders. All six White Swords were there to agreeable their newest brother.Yet when the jousting began, the day belonged to Rhaegar Targaryen. The crown prince wore the armor he would die in gleaming black plate with the three-headed dragon of his House wrought in rubies on the breast. A plume of scarlet silk streamed undersurface him when he rode, and it seemed no lance could touch him. Brandon fell to him, and Bronze Yohn Royce, and even the splendid Ser Arthur Dayne, the Sword of the Morning.Robert had been jesting with Jon and old Lord Hunter as the prince circled the bailiwick after unhorsing Ser Barristan in the final tilt to claim the champions crown. Ned remembered the moment when all the smiles died, when Prince Rhaegar Targaryen urged his horse past his own wife, the Dornish princess Elia Martell, to lay the queen of bea utys laurel in Lyannas lap. He could see it still a crown of winter roses, blue as frost.Ned Stark reached out his hand to grasp the flowery crown, but beneath the pale blue petals the thorns lay hidden. He felt them clawing at his skin, sharp and cruel, saw the slow trickle of blood run down his fingers, and woke, trembling, in the dark. holler me, Ned, his sister had whispered from her bed of blood. She had get laidd the scent of winter roses.Gods save me, Ned wept. I am going mad.The gods did not deign to answer.Each time the piece of tail brought him water, he told himself another day had passed. At first he would beg the man for some word of his daughters and the world beyond his cell. Grunts and kicks were his only replies. Later, when the stomach cramps began, he begged for food instead. It made no matter he was not fed. Perhaps the Lannisters meant for him to starve to death. No, he told himself. If Cersei had pauperismed him dead, he would have been cut down in the thron e room with his men. She wanted him alive. Weak, desperate, yet alive. Catelyn held her brother she dare not kill him or the Imps life would be forfeit as well.From outside his cell came the rattle of iron chains. As the door creaked open, Ned put a hand to the moisten wall and pushed himself toward the light. The glare of a torch made him squint. Food, he croaked.Wine, a voice answered. It was not the rat-faced man this gaoler was stouter, shorter, though he wore the same leather half cape and spiked steel cap. Drink, Lord Eddard. He thrust a wineskin into Neds hands.The voice was strangely familiar, yet it took Ned Stark a moment to place it. Varys? he said groggily when it came. He touched the mans face. Im not . . . not dream this. Youre here. The eunuchs plump cheeks were covered with a dark stubble of beard. Ned felt the coarse hair with his fingers. Varys had transformed himself into a grizzled turnkey, reeking of sweat and work out wine. How did you . . . what potpourri o f magician are you?A thirsty one, Varys said. Drink, my lord.Neds hands fumbled at the skin. Is this the same poison they gave Robert?You wrong me, Varys said sadly. Truly, no one loves a eunuch. Give me the skin. He drank, a trickle of red leaking from the corner of his plump mouth. Not the equal of the vintage you offered me the night of the tourney, but no more poisonous than most, he concluded, wiping his lips. Here.Ned try a swallow. Dregs. He felt as though he were about to buzz off the wine back up.All men must swallow the sour with the sweet. High lords and eunuchs alike. Your hour has come, my lord.My daughters . . . The younger girl escaped Ser Meryn and fled, Varys told him. I have not been able to find her. Nor have the Lannisters. A kindness, there. Our new king loves her not. Your one-time(a) girl is still betrothed to Joffrey. Cersei keeps her close. She came to court a few days ago to plead that you be patentd. A pity you couldnt have been there, you would have b een touched. He leaned forward intently. I trust you realize that you are a dead man, Lord Eddard?The queen will not kill me, Ned said. His head swam the wine was strong, and it had been too long since hed eaten. Cat . . . Cat holds her brother . . . The wrong brother, Varys sighed. And lost to her, in any case. She let the Imp slip through her fingers. I expect he is dead by now, somewhere in the Mountains of the Moon. If that is true, slit my throat and have through with it. He was dizzy from the wine, tired and heartsick.Your blood is the last thing I desire.Ned frowned. When they slaughtered my guard, you stood beside the queen and watched, and said not a word.And would again. I seem to recall that I was unarmed, unarmored, and surrounded by Lannister swords. The eunuch looked at him curiously, tilting his head. When I was a young boy, before I was cut, I traveled with a troupe of mummers through the Free Cities. They taught me that each man has a role to play, in life as well a s mummery. So it is at court. The Kings Justice must be fearsome, the master of coin must be frugal, the Lord Commander of the Kingsguard must be valiant . . . and the master of whisperers must be sly and obsequious and without scruple. A courageous informer would be as useless as a trepid knight. He took the wineskin back and drank.Ned studied the eunuchs face, searching for truth beneath the mummers scars and false stubble. He tried some more wine. This time it went down easier. Can you salvage me from this pit?I could . . . but will I? No. Questions would be asked, and the answers would lead back to me.Ned had expected no more. You are blunt.A eunuch has no honor, and a spider does not enjoy the luxury of scruples, my lord.Would you at least consent to carry a message out for me?That would depend on the message. I will gladly provide you with paper and ink, if you like. And when you have written what you will, I will take the letter and read it, and deliver it or not, as best s erves my own ends.Your own ends. What ends are those, Lord Varys?Peace, Varys replied without hesitation. If there was one soul in Kings Landing who was truly desperate to keep Robert Baratheon alive, it was me. He sighed. For fifteen old age I protected him from his enemies, but I could not protect him from his friends. What strange fit of madness led you to tell the queen that you had learned the truth of Joffreys blood?The madness of mercy, Ned admitted.Ah, said Varys. To be sure. You are an honest and honorable man, Lord Eddard. Ofttimes I forget that. I have met so few of them in my life. He glanced around the cell. When I see what honesty and honor have won you, I understand why.Ned Stark laid his head back against the damp stone wall and closed his eyes. His leg was throbbing. The kings wine . . . did you question Lancel?Oh, indeed. Cersei gave him the wineskins, and told him it was Roberts favorite vintage. The eunuch shrugged. A hunter lives a perilous life. If the boar h ad not done for Robert, it would have been a fall from a horse, the bite of a wood adder, an arrow gone astray . . . the forest is the abbatoir of the gods. It was not wine that killed the king. It was your mercy.Ned had feared as much. Gods exculpate me.If there are gods, Varys said, I expect they will. The queen would not have waited long in any case. Robert was becoming unruly, and she needed to be rid of him to unbosom her hands to deal with his brothers. They are quite a pair, Stannis and Renly. The iron gauntlet and the silk glove. He wiped his mouth with the back of his hand. You have been foolish, my lord. You ought to have heeded Littlefinger when he urged you to support Joffreys succession.How . . . how could you know of that?Varys smiled. I know, thats all that need concern you. I also know that on the morrow the queen will pay you a visit.Slowly Ned raised his eyes. wherefore?Cersei is frightened of you, my lord . . . but she has other enemies she fears even more. Her beloved Jaime is fighting the river lords even now. Lysa Arryn sits in the Eyrie, ringed in stone and steel, and there is no love lost between her and the queen. In Dorne, the Martells still brood on the murder of Princess Elia and her babes. And now your son marches down the Neck with a northern host at his back.Robb is only a boy, Ned said, aghast.A boy with an army, Varys said. Yet only a boy, as you say. The kings brothers are the ones giving Cersei sleepless nights . . . Lord Stannis in particular. His claim is the true one, he is known for his prowess as a battle commander, and he is utterly without mercy. There is no creature on state half so terrifying as a truly just man. No one knows what Stannis has been doing on Dragonstone, but I will wager you that hes self-contained more swords than seashells. So here is Cerseis nightmare while her father and brother spend their power battling Starks and Tullys, Lord Stannis will land, proclaim himself king, and lop off her sons crisp blond head . . . and her own in the bargain, though I truly believe she cares more about the boy.Stannis Baratheon is Roberts true heir, Ned said. The throne is his by rights. I would welcome his ascent.Varys tsked. Cersei will not want to hear that, I promise you. Stannis may win the throne, but only your rotting head will remain to urge unless you guard that tongue of yours. Sansa begged so sweetly, it would be a shame if you threw it all away. You are being given your life back, if youll take it. Cersei is no fool. She knows a meek wolf is of more use than a dead one.You want me to serve the woman who murdered my king, butchered my men, and crippled my son? Neds voice was thick with disbelief.I want you to serve the realm, Varys said. Tell the queen that you will confess your vile treason, command your son to lay down his sword, and proclaim Joffrey as the true heir. Offer to denounce Stannis and Renly as faithless usurpers. Our green-eyed lioness knows you are a man of honor. If you will give her the peace she needs and the time to deal with Stannis, and pledge to carry her secret to your grave, I believe she will allow you to take the black and live out the rest of your days on the Wall, with your brother and that baseborn son of yours.The thought of Jon filled Ned with a sense of shame, and a sorrow too deep for words. If only he could see the boy again, sit and talk with him . . . pain cam stroke through his broken leg, beneath the filthy grey plaster of his cast. He winced, his fingers opening and closing helplessly. Is this your own scheme, he gasped out at Varys, or are you in league with Littlefinger?That seemed to amuse the eunuch. I would sooner wed the Black Goat of Qohor. Littlefinger is the second most devious man in the Seven Kingdoms. Oh, I feed him choice whispers, sufficient so that he thinks I am his . . . just as I allow Cersei to believe I am hers.And just as you let me believe that you were mine. Tell me, Lord Varys, who do yo u truly serve?Varys smiled thinly. Why, the realm, my good lord, how ever could you doubt that? I swear it by my lost manhood. I serve the realm, and the realm needs peace. He finished the last swallow of wine, and tossed the empty skin aside. So what is your answer, Lord Eddard? Give me your word that youll tell the queen what she wants to hear when she comes calling.If I did, my word would be as hollow as an empty suit of armor. My life is not so precious to me as that.Pity. The eunuch stood. And your daughters life, my lord? How precious is that?A chill pierced Neds heart. My daughter . . . Surely you did not think Id forgotten about your sweet innocent, my lord? The queen most certainly has not.No, Ned pleaded, his voice cracking. Varys, gods have mercy, do as you like with me, but leave my daughter out of your schemes. Sansas no more than a child.Rhaenys was a child too. Prince Rhaegars daughter. A precious little thing, younger than your girls. She had a small black kitten she called Balerion, did you know? I always wondered what happened to him. Rhaenys liked to pretend he was the true Balerion, the Black Dread of old, but I imagine the Lannisters taught her the difference between a kitten and a dragon quick enough, the day they broke down her door. Varys gave a long weary sigh, the sigh of a man who carried all the sadness of the world in a sack upon his shoulders. The High Septon once told me that as we sin, so do we suffer. If thats true, Lord Eddard, tell me . . . why is it always the innocents who suffer most, when you high lords play your game of thrones? Ponder it, if you would, while you wait upon the queen. And spare a thought for this as well The next visitor who calls on you could bring you bread and cheese and the milk of the poppy for your pain . . . or he could bring you Sansas head.The choice, my dear lord Hand, is entirely yours.

Marketing and Citibank Essay

ACKNOWLEDGMENTAlhamdulillah, first of all i would like to thank God as finally I was able to closing curtain my assignment that read been given by merchandising lecturer to me. Besides that, non forget too a to my friends Muhammad Kharusani because with pop out his guide me assignment cannisternot be through properly like this. He always gives supports and guide to me how to do the assignment in purpose to produce a good outcome from research that been studied. impute also are given to friends class HND1B which help all(prenominal) different to complete this task. Topic that been given by me are regarding invention and process of merchandise citibank go with. Finally, thank to our beloved friend that always stick together and also work hard to produce a good assignment with all return and responsibility. Hope that all the effort will give a distribute of benefits to me . Not forget also for those who help me complete this assignment direct or indirectly.ABOUT CITIBANKC itibank, a major international bank, is the consumer banking arm of financial services giant Citigroup. Citibank was founded in 1812 as the City Bank of New York, later runner National City Bank of New York. As of March 2010, Citigroup is the third largest bank holding company in the United States by total assets, by and by Bank of America and JP Morgan Chase. Citibank has retail banking operations in much than 160 countries and territories around the world. More than half of its 1,400 hitices are in the United States, mostly in New York City, Chicago, Los Angeles, the San Francisco Bay Area, Washington, D.C. and Miami. More recently, Citibank has expanded its operations in the Boston, Philadelphia, Houston, and Dallas metropolitan areas. In addition to the standard banking relationss, Citibank offers insurance, credit cartes and investment ingatherings.Their online services social class is among the most successful in the field, citation needed claiming roughly 15 million users. As a result of the orbiculate financial crisis of 20082009 and huge losings in the mensurate of its subprime mortgage assets, Citibank was rescued by the U.S. government under plans agreed for Citigroup. On November 23, 2008, in addition to initial aid of $25 billion, a further $25 billion was invested in the corporation together with guarantees for risky assets amounting to $306 billion. Since this time, Citibank has repaid its government loans in full.Q1. Present two definitions of trade and compare both definitions. rear relevant examples which relate to Citibank case study. Based on Philip kotler definition, Marketing is a social and managerial process whereby individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating and exchanging products and value with others. In other words, node will exchange what their value (e.g money), solitary(prenominal) if their want is met. Based on my opinion, Philip kotler saying that pack change what they want is to get on profit and use their valuable item to change it. In daily life also, we need to receive our demand by used exchanging process other we cannot mend in a way of how we live. In wanting to possess such a product, we sustain to pay a price (cost). Hence, in reservation a decision to purchase an item, the guest will consider both the value and the price. After we have decided on the product, it can then be procured via the process of exchange or dealings.Based on Citigroup, they are development this strategy to fill up their customer needs and wants. Based on Rochelle Rucker, Citibank faced a hardly a(prenominal) paradoxs to initiate manual fund problems. When they want to send money from their marks, they call their banker and then fax, phone or mail in requests to have the transaction processed. Because the process was so complicated, customers complained. Most of the complaints lodged with the department dealt with the time it took to complete the process. So, in orde r to overcome this problem, Citibank use six sigma program regularitys to solve it. Six Sigma is a business management strategy seeks to improve the quality of process outputs by identifying and removing the causes of defects (errors) and minimizing variability in manufacturing and business processes.Six sigma used a simple method which is Pareto chart. This chart gives data which has the highest problem occur most often. A team composed of bankers and operations people identified the entire funds transfer process, tabulating defects and analyzing them using a Pareto chart. One of the methods is using internal call- screening procedure, which required staff to call the person requesting the funds transfer to look at sure that the instructions were wane and hadnt been altered. So in this way, Citibank can ensure that their customer has no problem and problem solved. By using this six sigma method Citibank strives for perfect processes to satisfy customer.In Citibank Malaysia, they have proved their commitment for their customer and community live. A large aspect of Citibanks corporate citizenship in Malaysia focuses on helping people of all ages better understand and practise financial management. In 2010, Citibank Foundation allocated grants totalling USD208,000 for their community-based projects. They have worked with Radio Television Malaysia (RTM) and invited a new collaboration with ERA Consumer Malaysia to propel the second season of the Stretching Your Ringgit program on TV1, TV2 and Radio RTM. The initiative followed encouraging survey findings that showed more than 70% of Malaysians polled realised the importance of financial management, particularly those in the low-middle income bracket. According to American Marketing Association Board of Directors Marketing is the activity, set of entrys, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large.In th is case, AMA said that marketplaceing occur when both of the company involve when there is activity among them. Citibank use the same idea which they submit services to their customer to save the money and hold back it easier. Citibank also provide bank loan, Credit card, Deposits, Investment, Citigold which gives benefit to customer. Citibank also use communicating to contact with their customer to provide services or solving problem. Citibank provide services to customer which can give both benefit. for example Citibank provide bank loan and this can reduce burden for people which has low income. As for the Citibank also, they make interest for those who borrow bank loan and this will give benefit to the firm.Both of definition gives the same meaning in different way. Philip kotler stress of the customer needs and wants. We can say Citibank really direction about their customer so they will try the take up to overcome any problem that customer faced. In india Citibank care their customer, this can be shown by their customer I can safely say that Citi provides the best card services for India, which is wherefore most of my spend is on Citi and I recommend it to my friends. A lot of the success is the result of having passionate, committed, service point people like Manish.My kudos to him. (J sajeev, 2011).American Marketing Association which more to creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society. The difference between this concept is AMA is more to set of activity which no related to customer needs and wants. Citibank satisfy their customer and this is the key of how Citibank more success than the others banker in Malaysia. Compare to Maybank Malaysia, Citibank is much older than the others banker in Malaysia. We can say that Citibank is more experience in discourse money.Q2. Identify at least three main marks of a marketing-oriented organization of Citibank case study an d provide an examples for each characteristic. What is marketing likeence? Marketing orientation is a philosophy focused on discovering and undertakeing the needs and desires of its customers through its product mix. Unlike past marketing strategies that dressed ored on establishing selling points for alert products, market orientation works in reverse, attempting to tailor products to meet the demands of customers. In essence, market orientation can be thought of as a unified marketing campaign between a company and its customers. Nowadays, business firm use this concept to make their customer stick with their product. We can say that the opinion that companies can create a product and sell its features to an eager buying public is no longer concrete. With an increasingly global economy and more and more choices for consumers, companies mustiness be willing to adapt their market orientation to stay competitive. Based on my opinion, nowadays in Malaysia, we can see a lot of bank is available.So the competition becomes higher than before. In order to attract more people to use their services, Citibank has to adapt with current situation. Citibank use marketing oriented business to identifying customer, consumer needs and wants. In Malaysia, Citibank provide Islamic banking way to satisfy their customer. By using PEST analysis, we can say that Malaysian people are majority muslim and the idea of Citibank to provide Islamic banking which satisfy customer are brilliant. So people can enjoy with low interest rate given. Citibank in Malaysia facing a problem regarding high interest rate offered, so they make a research and develop a new carcass which enable customer use their Islamic banking. Another services that they provide is Citibank Guard Savings is The first savings account in Malaysia thats raise with free Takaful coverage against critical illness.Citibank Home i Partner provide Capped Rate, Flexible Payment and Daily Calculation, Citibank Checkin g Account I is a administration provided by checking account that honours the Islamic banking principle of guaranteed safe custody approved by the Shariah body. Based on the services provided by Citibank, we can conclude that Citibank care about their customer needs and develop a new system according to community lived. Just like the others bank, Citibank online will make all the transactions become much easier as customer can save valuable time and money. No more hassles with long queues, parking and travelling.As we can see, Citibank developing products to meet customer needs and wants. So they come out with product and services which give benefit to their customer Credit Cards, pass water Credit, Home Loans, Loans, Deposits, Investments, Insurance, Islamic Banking. So this is basic need in any of bank in Malaysia. What is the differences between Citibank and the other bank? So lets take an example of Citibank ready card. Citibank Ready Credit is an Unsecured Personal Overdraft with Checking Facility that allows you to access cash easily in any amount in excess of your credit balance up to the approved overdraft limit. With ready card, we can access our balance in credit card even if the amount has exceeds the limits. As a fact, Maybank did not have their owned ready card. Citibank ready card is benefit to their customer as it is convenient to pay, pay for amount that we use. Another characteristic of a marketing oriented business is making the product is available to customer at a right time and adorn.We already know about product and services of Citibank as Credit Cards, Ready Credit, Home Loans, Loans, Deposits, Investments, Insurance, Islamic Banking. Lets take an example of Credit cards, before this Citibank only produced natural credit for their customer only. But now, Citibank produced a new credit card Citibank at work. Citibank at Work takes Citibanks world-class consumer banking products and services right to the room access of employees at th eir workplace. Apart from enjoying customized privileges across a wide range of products including banking accounts, credit cards, loans, deposits and insurance on-site, employees of these companies also have access to financial seminars and lifestyle events, tailored to their detail profiles and needs. By using Citibank at work, business company can do their job efficiently as they have their own business credit card.Q3. rationalise four elements of the marketing concept and relate your answer with Citibank case study. FOUR ELEMENTS OF MARKETING ORIENTED ORGANIZATIONProduction Concept is a concept where goods are produced without taking into consideration the choices or tastes of your customers. It is one of the earliest marketing concepts where goods were just produced on the belief that they will be sold because consumers need them. It holds that customers will prefer products that are widely available and inexpensive. Manager focusing on this concept concentrate on achieving h igh production efficiency, low cost, and mass distribution. From my opinion, production concept emphasize on distribution of product. This type of concept are easier to use. Based on the case study, Citibank provided more credit card for their customer. Each customer could have more than one credit card. Product Concept holds that consumers will favor those products that offer the most quality, performance, or innovative features. Managers focusing on this concept concentrate on making superior products and improving them over time.They assume that buyers admire well-made products and can appraise quality and performance. However, these managers are sometimes caught up in a love affair with their product and do not realize what the market needs. Related to the case study, Citibank improved their product to satisfy customer need. forward this, customer got problem to use their credit card where credit card can be used for loan only. But after an improvement, Citibank come out with C itibank Premier Miles card, Platinum, Citi business, Air-Asia Citibank gold. Next elements use is selling concept. It holds that consumers and businesses if left alone, will ordinarily not buy enough of the selling companys product.Selling concept also is an idea in marketing that if customers are left to themselves, they will not make the effort to buy a companys products. Therefore, it dictates, companies must be aggressive in pushing their sales. Based on my opinion, if company want to sell their product by using selling concept, they have to be aggressive in promoting their product. Not like the older ways where they promote their product by using agents. As for the Citibank case study, nowadays they advertise their product through internet and media more efficiently.Marketing concept is a business philosophy that combines above three business orientation. It holds that the key to achieving its organizational goals consists of company universe more effective than competitors in creating, delivering, and communicating customer value to its selected target customers. These three philosophies are the product, selling, and marketing philosophies. Even though each philosophy has a particular time when it was dominant, a philosophy did not die with the end of its era of dominance. In fact, all three philosophies are being used today. The best way to meet the organizations goals is also by meeting customer needs and wants. The marketing concepts strain is to understand the customers before designing and producing a product for them. With the customers wants and needs incorporated into the design and manufacture of the product, sales and profit goals are further more likely to be met.What are Citibank do to satisfy their customer needs based on marketing concept is they make swot analysis to know what can be done to attract more customer in Citibank. Citibank (2009) has mention that their customers can have their banking activities in the Islamic principles. Th is not only able attracts more customer but Citibank are show that they understand their customer need in the daily banking activities. This principle have apply in Citibank branch in Malaysia. What are the resolves behind the recent growth in Islamic finance? One is the strong demand from a large itemise of immigrant and non immigrant Muslims for Sharia-compliant financial services and transactions. (Low chee hua, 2010) In order to compete in the rising of the demand of Islamic Banking, Citibank has introduced the Islamic Banking to their customers. So basically, marketing concept is satisfy customer problem and solved it by looking of what customer need.The societal marketing concept was an offshoot of the marketing concept wherein an organization believes in giving back to the society by producing better products targeted towards society welfare. Some have questioned whether the marketing concept is an appropriate philosophy in an age of environmental deterioration, resource sh ortages, detonative population growth, world hunger and poverty, and neglected social services. The marketing concept possibily sidesteps the potential conflicts among consumer wants. Citibank also take part in their societal marketing. Citibank became a major sponsor of the Sydney Swans in 2005, who is play in the AFL.The marketing concept is about matching a companys capabilities with customer wants. This matching process takes place in what is called the marketing environment. Businesses do not undertake marketing activities alone. They face threats from competitors, and changes in the political, economic, social and technological environment. All these factors have to be taken into account as a business tries to match its capabilities with the needs and wants of its target customers.An organisation that adopts the marketing concept accepts the needs of potential customers as the basis for its operations. Success is pendent on satisfying customer needs. So basically, Citibank u se marketing concept to attract more customer to use their services. One of the techniques used is credit card promotion such as Instant Rewards at Shell, Dominos pizza, Samsung S3, Asia web direct. Before this, if customer wants to pay bill or loan they have to go to Citibank. But nowadays, they upgrade their system to online banking so that customer can pay instantly and reduce waste time.Q4. Provide an indication of the likely be and benefits to Citibank case study in adapting a marketing approach. In Citibank, there are many advantages and disadvantages of a marketing approach.Customer SatisfactionIn customer satisfaction, it refers to which a products perceived performance matches a buyers expectation. It is a measure of how products and services supplied by a company meet or surpass customer expectation. We can see based on their services of Citibank do for their customer. In Malaysia, Even the Citibank atm machine is less than the other bank, but their services to customer i s good. Citibank will try their best to solve problem of customer credit card so that they will not have their customer.Customer CareCustomer care is a phrase that is used to describe the process of taking care of our customers in a positive manner. The precondition is used in place of complaint handling due to its positive focus, and is a reminder that customer satisfaction is a priority. Related to Citibank case study, they care about their customer. we can see that Citibank provide customer services so they will know any problem of customer faced. There is a few customer having problem regarding Citibank delay card. As banks are losing their customer fast, they are coming up with different strategies to retain their customers. When/where was the last time you made the transaction with the card? I told him I dont retrieve anymore since I have a few cards and I have not been using Citibank Card for a while. He insisted me to answer that question before he can proceed, and I insi sted I that I dont remember and suggested him to ask another verification question. (Kclau, 2010)Quality of services and products.In company, they must have their own quality of services and products. It is designed to constantly improve the quality of their products, services and marketing concept. In Citibank, their main objective at Citibank is to provide reliable and quality services to our customers. Our customer service policy has the overall aim of ensuring that our customers are provided with services which are reliable and best suited to their needs. They have to manage and ensure that quality control standards for services are met. Citibank also have online credit card services so they can login anytime, anywhere to view their account details and activities.DISADVANTAGES OF CITIBANKThere is one reason and one reason only that its so easy to get a store credit card they are confident that they will make money off of customer purchase. The interest supercharged on store ca rds, as compared to bank credit cards, is at least several percentage points higher and often as much as 10-15% higher. As well, annual fees or sign-up fees may run twice as much as those of standard credit cards. Means that, Citibank charged is higher than the other banks in Malaysia, so thats why only businessman use Citibank. It involved high cost in retaining the customers. And also, the target market for Citibank is higher because they only target their customer on businessman.CONCLUSIONAs overall conclusion, Citibank is one of the multinational companies that successful in online based financial institution that operate in Malaysia. Citibank able to understand the culture of local citizen (promo Islamic Banking Services), able to gain their market share by solved the geographical problem (online banking services), able to cost cutting by promo the online banking culture to their customer, and able to compete with the local financial institution. We know that Citibank is really cares about their customer and try their best to satisfy customer needs and wants. Based on this concept of marketing, Citibank now are well known in all around the world. Although it is a overseas company but Citibank is a good model to local financial institution to learn their strategies to increase their competitive capability to compete in the global market.

Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity Inc Essay

- June,06 2012 To Director of Intake The purpose of this letter is to inform you of my interest in becoming a member of the Zeta Zeta Chapter of of import Phi Alpha Fraternity, Incorporated. My desire to inspire young men and women and make a significant impact on their lives is just one of many reasons I aspire to adjunction your capacious fraternity. While growing up in a family of primarily my mother and other women relatives, I did not stick many positive manful role models I could look to for guidance.Although my father was not around to guide me through my journey of becoming a man, I was blessed to have a few good men in my life journey i that embraced me and instilled in me the qualities of a man and gentleman. Not only did they teach the qualities of a man, exclusively they also ingrained in me the importance of an education. Once I left high school, I went on to college, and eventually continued my education at with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Social Science. After I obtained my degree, I began coaching and mentoring the young men at in the New York urban center atomic number 18a.Being a mentor to those young men was an enlightening experience it allowed me to understand the importance of a role model. Had it not been for the role models in my life, Im not veritable what direction my life would have taken. It was that experience and the influence of my friends in positive associations s that fueled my desire to change the lives of young men and women the way that they changed mine. I believe that I have a lot to offer Zeta Zeta Chapter, both in terms of my desire to be a positive influence in the lives of others and with my personal strengths as a leader and mentor.As a member of Zeta Zeta Chapter, I will work hard to uphold the reputation and exceed the standards that those before me have set. In my opinion, becoming a member of Zeta Zeta Chapter means joining a group of highly educated men that together I believe are capable of facilitatin g the type of change that is imperative in todays society. It is my hope that I will be accepted as a member and be afforded the chance to take part in that change. I look forward to being considered for memebership in such lauadable and noble fraternity hearing from you regarding my request to join your great fraternity. Anonymous Sincerely,

Othello William Shakespeare Essay

* William Shakespeare created iodine of his most famous plays Othello to investigate in an influential humankindner the unrelenting issues of racial secernment and gender equility. Based on the tale Un Capitano Moro (The Moorish Captain) by Giovanni Cinthio, Othello was written during the epoch of 1603. Due to the actions of Othello, in the midst of a sm every(prenominal) cast, there is an geographic expedition of sexual jealousy, and thus this play has earned a title of a domestic tragedy. * In this, the utmost scene depicts how the tragic fighter aircraft Othello acquiesces to his incurable shortcoming and reaches his cessation.The fore work outable ending is cathartic for the audience to experience catharsis, as they experience a passionate feeling of trepidation and pity. Shakespeare shows how he is able to contrastiveiate an intelligences personality in the unchanging pecking order of his society. * This was achieved through the Turkish invasion in Cyprus where the Ve netians fought purely for national identity. Intertwined in the play, the Machiavellian character of Iago brings a certain rise to chaos and blurs out alone the lines between appearance and truth.Saying this, by Shakespeares intense use of language, the emotional engaging nett scene, brings stick out a certain order giving light to issues of truth, lean and female insubordination and defining the central protagonist. Context * Written between 1601 and 1604, Othellos context is based around the eras of the Elizabethan and Jacobean epochs of English history. Between the two different periods, the Renaissance ideologies are greatly encompassed. These ideologies are that of a ethnical movement occurring end-to-end Europe in the 14th to the 17th centuries.In the crux of this era, a deep intelligence of characters and issues in Othello may perhaps be attained from the initial actions of the play, being set in superstar of the foremost cities of the Italian Renaissance. Moreover, this period to a fault brought with it the Protestant Reformation which was commenced by Martin Luther which viewed the refusal of medieval Christian values. The Protestant theology believed that Gods divine plan of rational and moral logic was constant passim society one which developed in the unchallengeable hierarchy.* The Chain of Being was the reason for such order whereby it relegate all beings to ones rightful place and purpose in the universe. To preserve such a harmony, people had to develop reason and intellect to rule their emotions. In difference to such strict array, the Renaissance also gave rise to Humanism. Pico Della Mirandola here declared that one could be bring as low as an animal or through intellect and imagination become equivalent to God, at least in understanding1, which I believe may have shaped Shakespeares traditional thinking in Othello.* The selection of using a black tragic attack aircraft was indeed controversial, and furthermore those Blackamoors i n Shakespeares previous dramas were without a doubt wicked. This is exemplified through Aaron in Titus Andronicus where this drama exclaimed If one good deed in all my life I did, I do repent it to my very soul(Act 5, Scene 3). Due to the conflict with Spain during the Elizabethan period, Blackamoors arrived in England and were reduced to servants or slaves. consequently it is obvious that the audience of the era would have seen Othellos superior military position as a serve rebellion to natural order.* Nevertheless, although the importance of race in Othello, it is essential that the audience recognises that the play is created primarily for the concern with class and subordination rather than forceful racism. The historical and geographical setting also plays a major influence in bringing different amounts of symbolism to the play. Venice was seen as a locus of Christian culture, rational order, culture and prosperity. It was also linked with tipsiness as it was the birthplace of Niccolo Machiavelli.Moreover, the city was at the forefront of the battle, between the Christians and the Turks who were seen as malicious, barbaric infidels. * The conflict was move to the island of Cyprus in 1570 which was a place isolated from civilisation and allie with Aphrodite, the goddess of love- and thus deemed a place of wild infatuation. Therefore we can see how this setting is able to show Othellos inner conflict and dichotomy of identities between the civilised and the barbaric, the Christian and the Pagan, the good and the evil within himself. foot 1 Women * According to the time that the play was written in and the general hierarchy within Venetian society men hold all the power and women are considered to be of low intellect. Yet it is the women that speak the most sense throughout the play and it is also the women that are able to trust otherwise characters in the play. for each one woman represents a different social level, Desdemona being the highest and B ianca being of the lowest. Each sexual relationship in the play provokes more or less jealousy between the couple.* Bianca does non appear in the play as much as the other female characters yet her presence is key to the death of Desdemona as well as other play themes. Iago often refers to her as a prostitute, A put up wife that by selling her commits, Buys herself bread and clothes. She has fallen in love with Cassio, yet he does not speak of his returned affection for her due to his desire for status, and her social standing would affect this dramatically. She is the jealous partner in this relationship and expresses this when Cassio produces Desdemonas handkerchief, which Iago has planted in Cassios room.* As Iagos wife and Desdemonas lady in waiting genus Emilia helps link Iagos plan. It was she whom supplied the Desdemonas handkerchief for Iago. This helps Iago distort Othellos views about Desdemonas fidelity. It is interesting that she does not headspring Iago too much wh en she gives him the handkerchief, it could be considered that this illustrates female competency to trust in the play. However she also remains ignorant of the entire plot until the end, when her life comes to an crisp ending, at the hands of her husband, Iago. She often failed to think before saying and performing some action.This, without much thought, uncovers her husbands plan, but she fails to consider the consequences for herself. This is very different to her husband, who seems to plan out every word in order to get the right response. It is apparent that this is quite an unhappy marriage, made clearer through their dissimilar personalities. She has some(prenominal) honorable qualities such as her honesty in addition to her loyalty towards Desdemona. Iago does not treat her like his wife until he requires something this shows this marriage was purely one in order to gain status among piers.* Throughout the play Desdemona is a symbol of innocence and helplessness. However on first encounter with her she appears to be be on and quite perceptive of dismantlets around her. Iago often tells Othello that she is unfaithful. It seems that she refuses to accept what is happening. Her views are impartial. She has a tendency to be sympathetic towards other peoples situations, like Cassio. This also further inspired Othellos jealousy when Iago pointed out they were speaking in privacy. She often pays attention to other peoples thoughts yet remains cynical if they differ to her own.She has a loyalty to her husbands in all aspects of life, whether it is mental or physical. If Desdemona had been an emotional void then Iago would not have succeeded in his plan. This would have meant that she would not have lied to Othello about losing the handkerchief, which she did so as not to hurt his feelings. However Othello sees this as an attempt to deceive him and conceal the alleged truth about her affair with Cassio. so far her final words, indicate that she blames her death on herself, and not her jealous husband. * Othello was indeed a tragedy, in which out of the three women that are introduced, only one survived.Although the women were all rational in thought and trusting, their trust was often misplaced, in gentlemen like Iago. As well as this regardless of their intellect and contemplation of events around them (in some cases) this was not enough for them to rise up in society, as women had no opinion in the time of the play. Although Shakespeare undertook many modern day ideas, he did not do this for a modern day society, as it would not have allowed so many events to occur, and it would not have been considered realistic by the viewing public. Theme 2 Appearance vs Reality.* When we are able to see the hidden truth in the closing scene of Othello, the distinct battle between appearance and reality is concluded, giving a clear exposure to the understanding of all the characters and issues of the play. Notably, productions of Othello during the Elizabethan epoch would have used a white actor as the protagonist, and disguised their skin with black makeup. * This ultimately emphasises the immense difference between external appearances and the internal reality, whereby the obvious dishonesty of the white Iago is juxtaposed with a fundamentally dignify black Othello.This is further promoted by the lines of the Duke in Act 1, who confirms that If virtue no delighted beauty lack/ Your son-in-law is far more fair than black. * Iago has the ability to clearly identity the fraud of appearances as also he is the most likely to lie, he gains a trust from all characters in the play which concludes as being fatal to Othello. Iago further says I am not what I am, as he is able to put on a evade honesty in society and only tells of his wickedness in soliloquy with the audience.* Thus wickedness allows Iago to affect the thinking of Othello and moreover creating a crude flesh that Cassio did topher, hence believing his obscure r easoning and logic and making Othello take this as the truth leading to his disastrous endings. The soubriquet of Honest Iago is continually reiterated by Othello, Cassio and Desdemona hence it is cynically mocking those he wanted to deceive. Moreover, in the closing scene, the truth is slowly revealed as Iago is finally revealed as the villain who he is seen by the audience throughout the whole play.* Although, in the final resolution to neer speak word, Shakespeare is able to penetrate the message of the very swart and inevitable human nature which Iago represents.Actions made by Othello are depended on the characters ability to not see things. He is able to blame and prosecute Desdemona even though he never witnessed her so called unlawful act against him, and Emilia- although she does witness Othellos extreme anger and sadness over the loss of the handkerchief- she does not justly see what her husband has done to cause this. * Thus it is obvious to see how the importance of t he eye stunt womanry in the final scene as it helps to ground a material realisation of the actual fatal truth.Once Othello has committed his own suicide, Iago is invited by Lodovico to Look on the tragic loading of this bed/ This is thy work. The purpose poisons sight, let it be hid. * Formerly, Iago poisoned Othello by pouring this pestilence into his ear. Conversely, it is as though Shakespeare is parodying the heroes need for ocular proof, as it ends as the eye which receives the poison with the man himself Othello being a part of the ordinary ending for a Shakespearean play, a horrific massacre.We then gain an understanding from the conclusiveness of death a certain reality and moral implication on issues of truth within the final scene. * Furthermore, it is only a given that Emilia protects Desdemona as the sweetest thing that ere did kidnap up eye, followed by Othello confirming his own wifes truthful innocence by declaring of her look that This look of thine will hurl m y soul from heaven. Hence in the closing scene of the play, Shakespeare uses both visual and auditory imagery to show the difference between appearance and reality and raise our understanding of the character Othello.Theme 3 Order and Chaos * The final scene, due to Elizabethan context, brings to place the restitution of order which helps to reunite the characters with concerns they have detained throughout the play. All Shakespearean plays depict a hierarchic society to maintain the cosmic laws of God. * A great amount of torment in the 17th vitamin C came from this Great Chain of Being, as a disturbance of this order possibly would force the world into great chaos, one which out does any of the kind. Othello is given two roles in this, one as the creator of chaos, and the other, the protector of order.Being held at high regard as the military general gave him the label of a hero and defender of Venetian civilisation. * However, due to his race and colour, Othello also was seen t o be threatening the white authority of the state. Much the same of the island of Cyprus, Othello was colonised by Venice, and used, however never fully becomes a Venetian. * With social fears of miscegenation, Othellos position as an outsider was forced upon him, and hence by Brabantios repulsion at the harsh image of a black ram tupping your white ewe.Yet, like all Shakespearean plays, order is restored in the final scene. In this scene, Othello is able to re-establish himself as a rattling(a) soldier through his suicide, by getting rid of the barbaric Turkish enemy. Through the uses of chaos and order, it represents the battle between Christians and Infidels. In the closing scene of Othello, Emilia reiterates play the swan/ and die in music. * This natural imagery says that it is possible that the laws of nature or religion are extremely powerful in society.This belief is further exemplified through the religious turmoil of the previous century, as Protestants were harshly perse cuted under the rulings of Queen Mary I. * Thus, it is obvious how religious devotion unploughed world order. We can further link Othellos character to black magic and a pagan history through items such as the handkerchief, illustrating the swage of the unknown to the Venetians. This is further linked with Christopher Marlowes, Doctor Faustus who is able to create a sense of overthrow through his associations with the devil.Saying this, at the ending of Othello, Shakespeare verifies that chaos and disorder can occupy the microcosm of an individual. * As Othello states Perdition catch my soul/ But I do love thee and when I love thee not/ Chaos is come again, we can see how he foreshadows an expression of self chaos at the loss of Desdemonas love. Next to the temptation scene of Act 3, we see how Othello succumbs to the green eyed monster of pure jealously brought on through Iagos evil mind games. * This extremely powerful human emotion releases the fauna hidden in Othello.This ca n greatly be seen in the breakdown of his language which has been his tool to command order throughout the whole play typical of his contextual authority. He cries Pish Noses, ears,/and lips. Ist possible? Confess-handkerchief O/devil , illustrating his confused mind and disorderly insecurity over Desdemonas fidelity. However, as the play closes, Shakespeare leads Othello back to person order. * In killing himself to die upon a kiss, Othello is able to seal his bond with his sweet and innocent wife, Desdemona and eventually dies in an act of love.Ultimately, the final scene of Othello, illustrates to the audience the utmost importance of the restoration of order, in terms of both social structure and the individual. Conclusion The final scene of Shakespeares Othello, offers us a sometimes erratic, emotion and foreseeable series of events. However this type of ending is extremely effective. It is in agreement with various traditional Aristotelian tragedies by the way it involves an i ntense feeling of pity and fear for the audiences entertainment.Moreover, the exaggerated ending of the play brings intensity and incites the readers to look upon the nature of the characters in the various issues amongst the play. Mainly, in the final scene, we see the flaws of the tragic hero, the Machiavellian disposition of Iago, the way women are seen and positioned in Shakespearian context and lastly the necessity of order aft(prenominal) the use of chaotic dimensions. Ultimately, the various emotions and thoughts put upon the audience in this final scene of the play Othello, helps promote and illustrate how it is one of Shakespeares most fascinate and controversial plays.

When Small Means Big: The Impact of Nanotechnology

A revolution in science and technology, which will significantly impact our daily lives, is looming in the horizon. The scientific community is now excited by changes that could be brought about by the multidisciplinary discipline of nanoscience and nanotechnology, which is comprehensively defined asresearch and technology development at the atomic, molecular, or macromolecular levels, in the length of or so 1100 nm range, to provide a fundamental understanding of phenomena and materials at the nano outperform, and to create and use structures, artifices, and systems that give way novel properties and functions because of their small size. The novel and differentiating properties and functions ar developed at a critical length scale of matter typically under 100 nm.Nanotechnology research and development includes integration of nanoscale structure into big material components, systems, and architectures. Within these larger scale assemblies, the control and construction of thei r structures and component devices remain at the nanoscale. (National inquiry Council 2002, cited in Dreher 2004).Although technically encompassing any device measuring at least 1,000 nanometersa nanometer (from Greek nano, meaning dwarf) is one-billionth of a meter (The Royal ships company & The Royal Academy of applied science 2004)much of the work being done presently focuses on materials smaller than 100 nm (Gupta et al 2003) since it is at this level that materials exhibit unique natural and chemical properties that can be harvested to convey remediatements to engineered materials (i.e. enhanced magnetic properties, better electrical and optical activity, and superior structural integrity) (Thomas & Sayre 2005).Ralph Merkle, as cited by Gupta et al (2003), far-famed that atomic configuration, to an extent, determines physical and chemical characteristics of materials, using as examples carbon in diamond, or silica from sand. From this perspective, the manufacturing techni ques we atomic number 18 using today appear crude since we are moving molecules by heaps and mounds, and, therefore, are manufacturing devices that could still be improved for accuracy and precision (Gupta et al 2003). Nanotechnology, accord to Gupta et al, aims to explore and exploit the chess opening of aim at the molecular and atomic levels, and producing a generation of novel products that boast of greater strength, lighter weight and better precision (2003).Technically nanotechnology is not something new. Ball (2003) notes that nanoscale devices commence been, and are currently being, utilized by organisms in their daily functioning. He cites, for instance, the proteins that serve as motors to flagella of motile bacteria, as readers and interpreters of the communicable code, or as illumination solar panels in plants that gather sunlight for photosynthesis (Ball 2003). The possibility of harnessing this potential within the environment and put them to practical use has be en floated in the scientific community as early as the 1940s, when von Neumann forwarded the report of manufacturing systems or machines that are capable of self-replication, which could potentially lower production costs (Gupta et al 2003).Richard Feynman in 1959, in an hail to the American Physical participation entitled There Is Plenty of Room at the Bottom, advanced the possibility that, similar to what we are doing at the macroscopic scale, we could maneuver atoms to where we want them to be, and produce materials that would solve the problem of manufacture and reproduction (Buxton et al 2003 Gupta P et al 2003). In 1986, K Eric Drexler provided a picture of nanotechnological use in the future in his book Engines of Creation, where humans are utilizing self-replicating nanoscale robots in daily life processes (Ball 2003).The move from the drawing board to actual application, however, has been very new-fashionedas evidenced by the relatively few nanotechnology productsfuelle d by theoretical and laboratory progress which showed that, indeed, systems can be built from molecules and atoms maneuvered at the microscopic scale (Gupta et al 2003). LOreal recently introduced in the market sun creams that contain nano-sized grains of titanium dioxide, which absorbs ultraviolet light, but without the smeared chalk appearance of regular creams (Ball 2003). This same technology, according to Ball (2003) was taken a step further when it was found that titanium dioxide particles become reactive when exposed to ultraviolet light, leading to the development of self-cleaning tiles and furnishtitanium-coated tiles and glasses that use the suns energy to burn up dirt stuck to their sur sees. In the filed of medicine, nanotechnology is currently being utilized with state-of-the-art technology to combat genetic diseases (Dunkley 2004).In addition to these, researches are currently undergoing, exploring the various possible applications of nanotechnology in various fields. For instance, in the medical sciences, the development of nanorobots could aid in precise, and rapid, cellular repair and regeneration, tar of drugs at the site where it is needed, destruction of cancerous cells, or unblocking of clogged blood vessels (Dunkley 2004). The capacity to detect disease finished alterations in body chemistry or physiology is to a fault a possibility through nanotubes or nanowires coated with detector molecules (Buxton et al 2003). Molecular imaging, according to Buxton et al (2003) will also provide us with a view of the human body beyond gross anatomic structures, since this would utilize molecules that would home to tissues affected by specific disease processes. Environmental problems we face today, such as air pollution or oil spills, could be remedied through nanorobots designed to clean these toxic elements from the air we breath or the piss we drink (Dunkley 2004).The material sciences will also significantly benefit from nanotechnology, with t he promise of development of stronger and lighter plastics, computers with faster processors and increased memory storage, ion storage for batteries (which will improve performance), quick-charging battery cars, and fuel cells for motor-driven devices that are environment-fri barly and energy efficient (Gupta et al 2003). Perhaps a bit too far in the future, Dunkley even forwards the idea that it might be possible, with nanorobots moving atoms and molecules, for us to create common and everyday things from our own backyard, moving manufacturing to the domain of the household with a wheelbarrow and a digger (2004).Because of the great promise held by nanotechnology, governments global are investing in nanoresearch, to further refine our understanding of this small world. Global investment in nanotechnology has been estimated to be 5 billion, according to the Royal partnership and the Royal Academy of engineering (2004). The European Union pledged to spend 1 billion (Ball 2003), whe reas Japan allocated $800M in 2003 (The Royal Society & The Royal Academy of Engineering 2004). The United States is willing to spend nearly $3.7 billion for nanotechnology from 2005 to 2008, with nearly $500 million allocated for research financial backing (Dunkley 2004 The Royal Society & The Royal Academy of Engineering 2004 Thomas & Sayre 2005).The considerable change nanotechnology can bring, as well as the huge sums of money governments worldwide are currently spending to make this a reality, has sparked some questions from various sectors on the impact of nanotechnologies, not only to the scientific fields to which it will be applied, but to the society in general. In the biological sciences, for instance, the primary concern is the possible toxicity exposureand chronic exposure, at thatto nanoparticles can bring about, since these materials have the skill of interacting with cells and cellular organelles, and hence, alter body physiology (Ball 2003 The Royal Society & The Royal Academy of Engineering 2004).Dreher (2004), and Thomas and Sayre (2005) have recently reviewed the evidence on the wellness impact of nanotechnology exposure, and found that there is a paucity of evidence to encourage or preclude use of nanotechnologies in humans pending full investigations and lucubrate evidence supporting or debunking the same. Ball (2003) notes that, in the same way as new drugs or devices, nanotechnology must be viewed as a potential health hazard unless proven otherwise. Large scale production in the future would necessitate hazard-testing and human exposure assessment, to minimize risks (The Royal Society & The Royal Academy of Engineering 2004).The significant economic impact of nanotechnologies, according to experts, may not be felt in the short-term, although this must be viewed with caution, since it is alone difficult to predict what impact a developing technology that has not yet realized its full potential will have (The Royal Society & The Roya l Academy of Engineering 2004). The differing capacities of developed, developing and underdeveloped countries to participate in the nanotechnology race has also raised concerns that it might intensify the economic gap surrounded by these nations, leading to what is referred to as a nanodivide (The Royal Society & The Royal Academy of Engineering 2004). Finally, patenting of nanotechnologywhich is advantageous since it would, though economic incentive, encourage other individuals to contribute to scientific progressmay stifle creativity or innovation when a broad one is granted (The Royal Society & The Royal Academy of Engineering 2004).Another area of concern is military and defense capability. The development of new devicespervasive sensors, improved clothing and armor, and enhanced information and communication exchangecould be viewed some(prenominal) as opportunities and threats, depending on who uses them, and how they are used (The Royal Society & The Royal Academy of Engine ering 2004). But more than this, the Royal Society (2004) cautions that the secrecy join with development of technologies for defense use might fuel public distrust, and heighten the understanding that nanotechnology is being developed primarily, if not entirely, for military ends.Ethical issues pervading the socio-cultural impact of nanotechnologies are also a concern. For instance, development of new nanodevices may cause a significant change in employment patterns, role perception, education patterns, and eventually family life (Dunkley 2004). The end result, still according to Dunkley (2004) would be a shift in our present definition of inequality, poverty, and class, and finally, the way we construe society in general.If what Dunkley predicted would come true (i.e. manufacturing at our own backyard), then the capacity to produce would be entirely dependent on having the necessary resources for this production, which brings to fore the concern of concentration of the harvests o f nanotechnology in the hands of a few. Although nanomanufacturing could present the solution to hunger and homelessness, the question remains whether it will alter our perception of the material world where we move (Dunkley 2004).The possibility of devices being used to lineage personal information, although enhancing personal security on the one hand, also raises the possibility of violation of civil liberties, especially when collection and distribution of the same is made without the acquiesce of the person involved, or access to these information could be limited to the hands of the few who could develop and control personal information databases or systems (The Royal Society & The Royal Academy of Engineering 2004).Finally, the possibility of radical human enhancement, or the creation of humans in the future, through nanotechnology (in conjunction with biotechnology and information technology), though a remote possibility, still carries with it the burden of resolving whethe r these creations are really human, and whether they also possess souls like we do (Dunkley 2004). In the same vein, this new capability would radically change, if not totally abolish, our perception of religion and morality (The Royal Society & The Royal Academy of Engineering 2004). On a lesser plane, the possibility of nanotechnology extending human longevity to hundreds of years will definitely alter our view of aging and death (Dunkley 2004).What, then, lies in store for us in the future with nanotechnology? Actually, no one can tell, since nanotechnology is but a frontierwhich, to Melbin is a pattern of sparse settlement in space or timeor what Dunkley (2004) describes as relatively unsettled and a wilderness waiting to be discovered. Until such time, therefore, that the full potential of nanotechnology has been realized, or at least understood through research, we may endlessly speculate about how nanotechnology will affect our daily lives and society in general, who will ben efit from its, what and capabilities will it provide us. The concerns, however, raised in this paper are valid considerations of the impact the future application of nanotechnologies will have, and this necessitates caution and vigilance on the part of all stakeholders.ReferencesBall P, 2003 (23 Jun), Nanotechnology Sciences Next Frontier or Just a Load of Bull?, New Statesman, vol. 132, no. 4643, pp. 30-31.Buxton DB, Lee SC, Wickline SA, Ferrari M & for the Working meeting Members, 2003 (02 Dec), Recommendations of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Nanotechnology Working Group, Circulation, vol. 108, pp. 2737-2742.Dreher KL, 2004, Health and environmental impact of nanotechnology Toxicological assessment of manufactured nanoparticles, Toxicological Sciences, vol. 77, pp. 35.Dunkley RWS, 2004, Nanotechnology Social Consequences and Future Implications, Futures, vol. 36, no. 10, pp. 1129-1132.Gupta P, Malhotra R, Segal MA & Verhaeren MYFJ, 2003, Recent trends in nanotech nology, in R Gulati, A Paoni & M Sawhney (eds), Kellogg on Technology & Innovation, Wiley, Hoboken, NJ, pp. 261-283.The Royal Society & The Royal Academy of Engineering, 2004, Nanoscience and nanotechnologies opportunities and uncertainties, The Royal Society & The Royal Academy of Engineering, London.Thomas K & Sayre P, 2005, Research strategies for safety evaluation of nanomaterials, Part I Evaluating the human health implications of exposure to nanoscale materials, Toxicological Sciences, vol. 87, no. 2, pp. 316321.

Formal Sales Process in Small and Medium Size Enterprise (SME) Essay

IntroductionHistory and evolution of testis gross revenue bear onFormal gross gross revenue do refers to gross gross gross revenue strategies that provide cheek gross gross gross gross revenue management with the direction on how to see to it in effect(p) and efficient gross gross revenue. The fulfill undersurface also refer to the misuses taken by the management to moderate propitiation of nodes buying work out in a more(prenominal) winning instruction. Notably, chunk sales fulfil get companies speci aloney Small and strength Enterprises (SMEs) to bring up their private-enterprise(a) favor, and ensure effective sales by teaching sales teams how to succeed.The sales process dates back to ancient times but for the purpose of this psychoanalyse I bequeath be centralizeing on post World War Two. It is surprising that there is little research on the history and education of the sales process as sales ar critical to the survival of argument. The earlier sales process models stem from the behavioral model AIDA (Aw arness, Interest, Desire and Action) attributed to E. St. Elmo Lewis in 1898. This was developed to help guide the sales force (Kotler 1999 Sheth and Sharma 2008). The sales process is inextricably linked to the buying process, which has developed significantly over the decades. It has changed from a transactional application into a strategic supply chain function looking to add place to the business (Axelsson and Wynstra 2002 Cousins and Spekman 2003 Ketchen and Hult 2007).Through the development of the sales process there conf physical exertion been three get word changes. The first is the development of the seven steps of change (Dubrinsky 1980) which is base on the AIDA model. The second is the evolving marketing process (Moncrief and Marshall 2005) which expands on Dubrinskys model and brings it up to date, with the advent of the reposenet and changes in the buying process. Third is value based selli ng (Rackman and DeVincentis 1998) which analyses each element of the sales process, with specific focus on the buyers problem and the corporeal implications of the problem. This model provides focus to the sales process into adding value to the customer.In their report, Davies et al, highlight the fact that no-one was metre legitimate sales ability and goes on to con the behaviors and skill set of sales professionals. Regarding measurement, Sharma said what gets measured gets repaird which start to address the critical writes of visibility and what to measure. Neely states, an constitution pack to identify an appropriate set of measures to assess their performance (Neely 2007 p149). Regarding behavior, Covey (1999) talks about responsibility and accountability which is a critical area of both sales process, be it formal or non.Weather, or non, an organization has a sales process, the world, and customers, are changing and the approach to sales has to change to ensure com placence does not set in (Kotter 1996). The culture and management of an organization will also impact the sales process, and vice versa, in positive and negative shipway (Handy 1991). Womack and Jones (2003) are pioneers in lean thinking and believe manufacturing processes and the elimination of waste can be transferred into the back office side of the business including sales.One of the key themes that down surfaced from initial reading is that sales is a process, which inescapably to be followed, measured and improved to help increase the sales funnel, or pipeline, in couch to grow sales (Miller and Heiman 1994 Zoltners, Sinha and Lorimer 2004 Thull 2010 McClay 2010).Porter (2004) believes that when pretending with customers it is pregnant to add value and create a competitive advantage. In addition to this, Doyle suggests that the sales process can add value and create competitive advantage, which will contribute to achieving the comp some(prenominal)s objectives of growt h and profitability though neating the needfully of the customers (Doyle 2002 p.2). When a formal sales process has been use, there is much evidence to support that the sales process should be adjusted to the sales strategy and to the company strategy (Kaplan and Norton 2006 Johnson, Scholes and Whittington 2008 De notice and Meyer 2010). In contradiction to the majority, Adamson, Dixon and Toman (2013) challenge the need for a formal sales process and believe the sales functions approach should be based on insight and judgment.Effects of a formal sales process on an SME and its good dealSelling is a communal as well as a business activity and can be defined quite simply as making a sale underpinned by several strategies and private skills across a range of tasks and promotion situations (TAS Group, 2014).The sales task within a business is accountable for the vital inception of revenues, delivers financial stimuli and forms the fundamental company amongst a business and its customers (McClay, 2010 Moncrieff and Marshall 2005). Moreover, business dealings rely on persons and more so how they transact with customers, making the buyer-seller edge a highly capricious interface. On the opposite hand, formal sales process is the sales strategies that provide the sales management force with the direction on how to sell. It is the process that allow companies especially Small and mean(a) Enterprises (SMEs) to scale their sale force by teaching sales teams how to succeed. fit to Johnson et al (2006), formal sales process provides the sales management team with a framework from which to manage and enable measurement and continuous improvement of the sales force performance.More specifically, a formal sales process enables sales managing directors maintain control over specific sales behaviors as dictated by the system adopted in Small and Medium Enterprise (SMEs). Formal sales processes in the SMEs context help sales management teams. They also help mana gers understand which measures should be adopted for understanding prospecting, loss and performance measurement. Additionally, formal sales processes enable sales managers learn how to replicate good behaviors and eliminate undesirable ones besides recognizing problems before they turn to be major roadblocks (Lii, 2011).If there is one component of the selling system that is almost taken for granted is the sales process. Although executives spend some of their times forming strategies, developing entrepreneurial skills and standard performance of their employees, they hardly strategize on the formal sales process that is the activities their salespeople must execute to shift an activity from lead generation to closure (Lii, 2011).In a broad spectrum, the sales process, be it be formal or informal is the backbone of any sales force. According to Lii (2011), the formal sales process is selling strategy, which was introduced to facilitate a sell-aside process in sells concerning pu blic mergers and acquisition context. Moreover, the sales process is a much more advantageous in the sales process involving Small and Medium Enterprises and is quite distinct from the traditionalistic means of executing sales. Notably, for a sales process to be termed as good and successful, the remediate steps at the practiced time should be initiated and adopted within the Small and Medium Enterprises vicinity as well as making the right decisions.As argued by Blair (2005), for the formal process to work in the SMEs, the sales management team should work tirelessly to keep the correct movement in track. This owes to the fact that without a good flow in selling and buying for the prospective customers to follow and for the sales management team to follow, the sales will ride out to be low and potential customers may look elsewhere (Blair, 2005). Formal sales process allows SMEs to scales its sales force by teaching its sales people how to success. Contrary to the informal proc ess that is normally adopted by many another(prenominal) and characterized by unorganized techniques, formal sales process in SMEs measures and manages the sales force.Consequently, gross revenue management teams understand this and strive to develop standard operating strategies for their workforce to follow hence the formal sales process (Johnson et al., 2006). Essentially, the nature of sales process has critically changed. gross revenue organizations are being reinvented to better address the needs of the changing marketplaces. More evidently, there are dissimilar drivers of change in different sales organizations that sacrifice been identified in reinventing sales organizations and are perceived to help an organization compete successfully in todays selling surroundings.With the use of the formal sales process, different Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) start out realized a measurable change in the levels of sales they acquire. The formal sales process has enabled SMEs to build long-term relationships with their customers. According to (Dar, 2006),this is because formal sales process is a structured line of attack that enables time-to-time assessment of customers value hence focusing on the high- priority customers.Secondly, formal sales process aids in creating sales organizational structures that are more nimble and convertible to the needs of different customer groups. It is in this perspective that formal sales process is beneficial in that it enables Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) compete well in the entire markets when willing to customize their sales efforts to meet their customers preferred ways of doing business (Adamson et al., (2013). In addition, in the modern markets especially SMEs related markets, flexibility which is important to the formal sales process is viewed as an asset, which can instruct the level of sales.Thirdly, according to Dar (2006), with the adoption of formal sales process, SMEs gain greater job monomania and commitment from sales management team. Moreover, this is only accomplished when the formal sales team removes functional barriers within the sales organization more so by leveraging the teams experience as a whole. More importantly, formal sales process helps shift the sales management style from commanding to coaching. In this, the sales management team and managers create a conducive environment that allows the sales team uses their talents and abilities to secure, build and maintain relationships with the profitable customers.Davis et al (2011) discuss that for the formal sales process to work efficiently and yield the desired results, the management style has to change. Nevertheless, the other visible formal sales impact on Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) is that formal sales process enables leveraging of the available technology for the success of the sales management team ( Dar, 2006). For instance, formal sales have greatly changed the traditional (informal) sales pro cess in that, its adoption leads to adoption of technological tools. Therefore, sales teams that use the available technology well have a strong competitive edge over others. Consequently, firms globally are investing millions of money in technological advancement in the sales sector to help improve their sales performance.Finally, According to Hayes, (2003), the desegregation of the formal sales process in then SMEs sales platform encourages the acceptance of better integration mechanisms for sales-team performance evaluations. Essentially, a real weakness of the informal sales process in the verge of the Small and Medium Enterprises SMEs is on how to evaluate and ultimately reward the sales personnel. However, the use and integration of the formal sales process has solved these problems and instead provided well-marked evaluation strategies hence bringing a positive image of the SMEs and works successfully as a strategy for salesDifferent sales processesA sales process or strateg y is not all about closing business deals it is about defining a sales process that vividly reflects the image of the organization or firm, the firms customers, the crops or function it offers and the solution that it offers in the market. By truly understanding its customers and by desiring to solve its customers problems, a business can plan to execute a sales process that will accelerate the likelihood of reaching its ultimate goal (Sales educators, 2006).According to the sales educators (2006), there is no specific outperform way to conduct the sales process. A companys personality and the sales team desire to achieve as well as the firms background determines the grapheme of sales technique that best suits its sales endeavors ( Porter, 2004). Even though every company in the corporate world has its own sales methodologies, it is always certified that trying different sales processes is healthier. This is because stark naked sales methods keep a company out of rut and may even work better than expected. Therefore, many salespersons even those operating in the B2B environment use a combination of different approaches (Rackman & DeVincentis, 1998).The different sale processes mostly utilized by different sales teams include older takers, inside sales, outside sales, the guru, the consultant, the networker, the hard seller and active sales among others. Most importantly, every sales process is aimed at increasing the sales to the authorized customers and finding new ones. However, different businesses and organizations deploy numerous sales processes with shockingly ineffective results. In some cases, when sales management teams use more than one sales process, customers are to same point confused by the different methods of every firm and probably cross selling is limited (Neely, 2007).Sales processes vary significantly according to how much a seller adapts to different selling situations and how much the selling team adapts to customer encounters dur ing the entire sells encounter. According to Neely (2007), among the best sales processes or approaches are the problems solving models, needs satisfaction and consultative selling. Among the three mentioned types of selling processes, in damage of rethinking the sells process, researchers endorse their use to fit any situation on the ground. Neely (2006) argues that consultative selling process is appropriate when the customer is willing to share strategic priorities with the seller and sees the seller as being able-bodied of supporting the customers strategic initiatives.Universally, every business is inimitable, hence it should have exceptional sales process to sell service and manage different customers under diverse conditions (Kotter, 1996). Therefore, sales researchers including sales managers across the world are disturbed by the question on whether business should adopt generic sales processes or implement and strengthen a specific sales strategy. Since business aim at wor king with the most profitable strategies, studies prove that nonspecific approaches are demanding and possess numerous demerits that include lack of custom customer profile, lack of metrics that matter, and its association with inflexible business management approaches among others (Johnson et al., 2008). Therefore, sales process needs to be specific.How a formal sales process can improve performance and competitive advantage?According to Thull, (2010), sales process is one of the most components of the selling system that for many decades has been aban maked by many Small and Medium Enterprises (SME). The author eludes that failure to effectively execute a well realised formal sales process acts as an impediment to performance and successes of the organization. As a matter of fact, sales process is a vital component in an organization that if well implemented can lead to enhanced competitive advantage and performance or an organization. TAS Group, (2014), affirms that sales proces s is the backbone of an organization and should not be overlooked at any cost.Notably, most sales managers in many organizations spend most of the time coming up with strategies, building tools, cadence performance and developing skills (Rackman and DeVincentis, 1998). Nevertheless, the author affirms that only a few organizations consider and ensure effective implementation of a well established and organized formal sales process. A sales process in this case is regarded as series of task that must be undertaken by salespeople within an organization to exploit and generate opportunities from the lead to closure (Thull, 2010).In a broad spectrum, sales process is an essential component of any sales force in an organization and if carefully and effectively implemented can impact on the success of the organization even in a highly competitive business environment (Thull, 2010). According to Rackman and DeVincentis, (1998), overlooking sales process within an organization hinders sal es performance and output even though the organization sales executive have laid down well established sales strategy, tools, skills and metrics in place. Without doubts, this implies that effective of formal sales process implementation in a SME is a strategy of enhancing the performance or the company (Rackman and DeVincentis, 1998).More importantly, sales process can be used to improve the competitive advantage of an organization especially when the process is aligned properly with the customers target. In this case, effective alignment of the two lead to enhanced competitive advantage through creation of a world class sales force (TAS Group, 2014). Performance of an organization is enhanced by the sales process in the sense that the process provides mechanisms of measuring performance. According to Rackman and DeVincentis, (1998), an organization has nothing to measure if it does not have a process. The author adds that it is difficult improve organization performance if there a re no mechanisms of measuring the current performance.Ultimately, sales process is undoubtedly an effective component in an organization to stir performance as it provides mechanism of determining the current performance of the organization and propose changes that need to be effected to improve the performance in the long run. Essentially, the sales process is critical in SME as it provides a logical framework with various activities, milestones and targets that are used to measure performance (TAS Group, 2014). In this case, an organization which effectively implements sales process is likely to have improved performance. Use of diverse measure in the process of sales process such as calls reports by the salespersons are vital in ensuring they work hard and thus improve the overall performance of the Small Medium Enterprises.According to TAS Group, (2014), the major focus to enhance the organization performance and competitive advantage is simply ensuring effective alignment imple mentation and renewal of sales process faster and efficiently than other contentions. Sales process in some way behaves like manufacturing process. In this case, improving sales productivity within a SME, various measures must be put in place stating from the initial sales stage to the end point (TAS Group, 2014). Development of measures ensures that the sales process adopted and implemented by a particular organization is able to address all the need and expectations of the customers through effective alignment of the buying and selling processes.The process of formal sales in SME can never be undermined owing in mind that the process aims to ensure a nasty relationship between the buyers and the sellers through the use of salespersons. Creation and maintenance of a good relationship between the two parties is imperative as it ensure the needs, concerns and expectation of the buyers are addressed in time and thus result to loyalty (Thull, 2010). This in turn helps to improve the performance of an organization since there will be enhanced sales volume. The presence and implementation of formal sales process is evidently a vital component in ensuring organization have close contact with their customers including prospective customers.In a broad spectrum, development of an effective relationship and alignment of the buying and selling process is crucial in ensuring customers loyalty. In this regard, improved customers loyalty creates confidence to the organization in terms of increased sales volume and thus enhanced competitive advantage compared to its rivals (Thull, 2010). In addition, the relationship helps the organization to work harder to ensure maximum satisfaction of the customers need and concerns through addressing various challenges facing the process and discovering opportunities that may arise. This also helps to improve the performance and competitive advantage of organizations especially Small and Medium Enterprises.Essentially, sales process ai ms to ensure an effective alignment of the salespersons selling process with the customers buying process. Effective alignment of the two processes is vital to organizations as it ensures needs and expectations of the customers or rather the buyers are met in every step of the buying process. In addition, the alignment leads to an effective and efficient sale in the long run hence improved performance (Porter, 2004).Similarly, if the customers needs and expectations are carefully addressed through the sales process, it is more likely that the competitor will not have the opportunity to entice the same buyer to turn to their organization in this way, sales process helps to enhance competitive advantage of Small and Medium Enterprises (Porter, 2004).A critical assessment of how a sales process aligns with a customer buying processAccording to Davis et al, (2011), sales have two different sale view points, that is, the sellers and the buyers perspective. However, the two sale point dif fers based on their importance. The buyers perspective is more essential compared to the sellers point of view due to the fact that satisfaction of the buyers is the utmost objective of the sales process. Davis et al, (2011), affirms that organizations have to ensure diverse initiatives and means to ensure satisfaction of the buyers needs and expectations as their purchasing power depend wholly on their perception on organizations effort to ensure satisfaction (TAS Group, 2014).The buying and selling process are mirror images of each other. Notably, buying process refers to the various steps that current customers use to identify and fulfill their need and expectations (Zoltners et al, 2004). Buying process may vary in time based on the type of product or services a customer want to purchase. However, being short or long, the work of a seller is to ensure buyer or rather customer satisfaction in every step. On the other hand, selling or sales processing is simply the steps or activi ties that are undertaken by sellers to ensure execution of buyers goals, needs and expectations. According to Handy, (1991), buying and sales processes are mirror image of each other in an effective sale. The two processes align together in that they usually start together and end together having common steps or activities between them.According to Kaplan and Norton, (2006), successful alignment of sales or selling process with the buying process in as essential component within an organization especially SME as it ensure effective and efficient sales. The author affirms that the alignment is based on the way the buyer go from one step to another (buying process), as fast as achievable with the aim to find goods and services that satisfy their needs and expectations from the seller, while the seller undertakes and closes all steps with the aim to meet customers or rather buyers need throughout the process (Handy, 1991). Dubinsky, (1980/81), suggests that when selling and buying pr ocess work together, the result is that sales will be successful and efficient and most importantly, the expectations and the needs of the buyer will be met.In broad spectrum, the alignment of buying and sales process tends to ensure that every step of buying process learn to a particular step of the sales or the selling process (Dubinsky, 1980/81). The figure below illustrate how the customers buying and salesperson selling processes are aligned to ensure satisfaction of buyers at every step and ensure effective and efficient sales within and organization over a given period of time.Aligning buying and selling processesCustomers buying processSalesperson selling processHowever, if there is no close relationship between the two process (customers buying and salespersons selling processes), the entire sales process is likely to be inefficient and ineffective. In this regard, the expectations and needs of the customers will not be fully met by the salespersons. According to Kaplan an d Norton, (2006), sellers should be keen during sales process to ensure they do not omit any step or in other words ensure every buying process step correspond with a particular selling process step.According to Kaplan and Norton, (2006), misaligning the two processes has greater negative impacts to an organization. For instance, omitting a particular step in the sales process that is aimed to correspond to a particular step in the customers buying process means that specific need and expectations of the buyers will not be met. This in turn interpret that the customers will turn to other organizations that keen in addressing their needs thus losing their competitive advantage and lead to decline in performance (Dubinsky, 1980/81). Critical assessment of alignment of customers buying process and the salespersons selling process brings out the need for SME to adopt and implement an effective sales process within their organization to ensure they meet their customers need and enhance s ale, competitive advantage and performance in the long run (Kaplan and Norton, 2006).Factors to consider when designing, or redesigning, a formal sales process and to muddle recommendations to the owners of an SMETraditionally, the sales departments have operated informally, with each sales person acting in their distinct ways that in most cases are non-documented, personally derived and non-measured. With the current escalating competition in terms of sales, price war and technological development and design of new and redesign of the existing formal sales processes is inevitable. In response to these forces, gauzy and medium size enterprises need to plan, implement and control their personal contacts programs in order to achieve sales and profit motives of the firms. Designing of formal sale process is a complex and critical undertaking that requires careful scrutiny and a logical examination in its development since it is core in the success of a business (Rickman and DeVincen tis, 1998).The going concern of a business entity largely relies on the effectiveness and operativeness of the sales processes in place. Small and medium size enterprises exist with a view to making profit and there fore effort should be made to ensure that they remain competitive and retain a reputable spatial relation in the market. Due to, the fragility and sensitivity of formal sales process design and redesign, several factors should be put into considerations in order to safeguard the successful life of the firms.For instance, competencies and skills available in the firm, encompasses the qualification and experience of employees especially management and the Sales department staff. For example the less experienced low level manager spend most time in staffing, monitoring and giving directives to salespersons. The top managers on the other hand, are generally concerned with complex issues of planning, budgeting organizing and coordinating sale strategies with other objectives of small and medium size enterprises. The new design should accommodate the available skill and technology.In the event of limitation of the part of staff qualification, it is good to reconsider redesigning the sales strategies, to make them possible to implement operate and eventually achieve the objectives set by the management. According to Lodato (2006), business sale strategies should be implemented with efficiency with the sole priority of increasing sale despite the completion from rivals.Further more, a look at the geographical coverage and the nature of clients helps determine the correct direction to take. Expansion of business to include a wide coverage necessitates redesigns of sale s process to incorporate the needs and worried of new clients explored. This is through studying and examining their lifestyles, culture and believes and the consumption behavior (Tas Group, 2014).The formal redesign will be there fore necessary in as a way of reinforcing new ways of behavi or. Additionally, the sales price and the customers economic status should be put into attention. It is worth noting that people consumption pattern entirely depends upon their neighborly economic position and the value of goods and services offered in the market.Visions of the firm should not be trodded underfoot in the process of designing and redesigning the firms formal sale process. The necessity of vision and plan in implementation of firms objectives is immense (Porter, 2004), Incorporating the vision of the firms is instrumental in determining whether or not the existing strategies are sufficient or not and the need to streamline them to preserve attractive culture of internal work. Solely adding more marketing and sales people is not sufficient .however it should be back up by the firms operational capabilities may produce sale revues needed to increase continuous growth and improvement.Other issue to reflect in designing of formal sales process (FSP) is the workers motiva tion. The current level of employees inspiration should be assessed and its effectiveness determined. According to Lauby (2005), motivated workers are highly productive compared to their counterparts irrespective of the qualification and skills possessed. There for the factor that drives employees to their peak performances are determined, followed by implementation of the motivation program. Since not every employee is motivated by the same thing, there is need to include diverse programs ranging from bonus pools individual recognition rewards and group performance acknowledgment. This makes workers feel appreciated for the job well do (Lauby, 2005, p.291)With a view to improving the sale level with business organizations, the manager and owner need to make realignment and readjusted of the operations within the entity and incorporate mechanisms to link product buying process and formal sales process. Majorly, emphasizing on the competence of sales and marketing staff to ensure th e easy and efficient implementation of developed marketing strategies at all level of business operations.Recruiting personnel with high qualification that met the current market demands and cope with the stiff competition. The owners should use this as a competitive advantage to maintain their status and reputation. Additionally they ought to explore the nature of their customers with respect to culture, social economic and consumption behavior and pattern especially in new markets discovered. Moreover, the owners should institute programs aimed at motivating the workers. Establishing individual and group recognition reward will make employees feel acknowledged for their work well done and as a result stimulate their peak performance.ReferencesAdamson, B., Dixon, M., and Toman, N., 2013. Dismantling the Sales Machine. Harvard Business ReviewAxelsson, B., and Wynstra, F., 2002. Buying Business Services. 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