Models and Frame Works for Nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Models and Frame Works for Nursing - Essay Example The doctor utilizing this technique ought to recognize that change could happen whenever (Baker,P.2000). They ought to likewise realize that everybody what is beneficial for them. The Tidal strategy should happen in three unique levels which are the self-area, world space and the others area. Self space In this level individuals are caused to feel and relate to their encounters. The space targets causing the patient to feel progressively make sure about. The surgeon helps the patient make a Security Arrangement. World area This is the place history is held. The individual should be comprehended. The individual taking the patient through this procedure poses inquiries about the past and uncovers their significance. The surgeon may likewise distinguish what should be accomplished for effective recuperation. Other space This is a portrayal of the different relationship the individual has. The individual gets support from various individuals. The companion and family may do as such. The individual may likewise get budgetary exhortation among numerous others. The fundamental point of this space or procedure is to enable the individual to carry on with a successful customary life. The Tidal Method likewise utilizes the illustration as referenced before. The analogy generally utilized is that of the water. It clarifies that wellbeing is liquid in nature it is rarely steady. The water additionally portrays how individuals can turn out to be inwardly, genuinely and profoundly unsteady. This illustration may enable the specialist to enable the patient to mend. The illustration shows that issues don't keep going forever; they will change as time passes by ( Baker,P.2000). For care to be managed viably, the individual giving the consideration ought to understand that life changes and the idea of individuals to change as well. The Tidal model compares encounters to ‘storms in the ocean or piracy’ and says that when one can mend they are ‘put to seaâ€℠¢. The Tidal model has three gathering forms; 1. Recuperation bunch The primary point of this gathering is to enable the individual to have a decent confidence. This gathering causes them to understand that they can help other people in the general public regardless of whether they were upset. 2. Arrangement bunches This gathering causes the individuals to investigate and impart to others their encounters to get answers for their own lives. 3. Data bunches This gathering enables the psychological patients to know about what they are experiencing. It encourages them to know the sort of medicine they are utilizing, lawful issues among others. Nursing process The patient had the accompanying nursing issues; Sever cerebral pain and stomach throb, absence of craving, he quit thinking about his own cleanliness, he created unctrollable dread that he would be ran over by a vehicle, he turned out to be introverted and he turned out to be vicious. In this paper, I will take a gander at the tw o issues that are cerebral pain and loss of craving. For the issues named over the patent should attempt to unwind. This is on the grounds that the issues could be a result of nervousness or pain. Utilizing the Tidal model of nursing, the patient ought to comprehend that this difficult will keep going forever and they should volunteer to tackle it. The expert should try the three principle spaces. In the self-area, the expert should cause the patient to relate to their experience or issue. On the planet space, the professional should discover when the issue began and how it has developed to its present state. These inquiries help the person in question relate to the

Ethics in Today’s Organizations Case Study

Past Petroleum (BP) is a British oil organization that was established longer than a century prior by a princely businessperson, William D’Arcy. D’Arcy put the entirety of his cash into scanning for oil in the Middle East; a choice that almost bankrupted him, since it took six years before any oil could be tapped. Note that finding the oil was by all account not the only issue BP, or Anglo-Persian Oil Company around then, confronted; moving the oils was simply of a troublesome undertaking to move. They chose to construct a pipeline over the locale †an endeavor that endured over two years. (Ferrell et al., 2011, p. 432)By the mid 1900s BP was again coming up short on cash, until Winston Churchill persuaded parliament to permit BP to gracefully the navy’s fuel. It was a British organization, all things considered, so it would bolster Britain’s interests. England at that point got one of the company’s greatest investors. This is noteworthy on the grounds that this occurrence helped sparkle the discussion over legislative issues and governments’ interests in oil organizations â€a subject that is still discussed today. (Ferrell et al. , 2011, p. 432) After the mid-twentieth century oil was popular because of vehicles being mass produced.However in the mid 1970s, political strife in the Middle East caused oil creation there to tumble from 140 million to 500 barrels (Ferrell et al. , 2011, p. 432). With the interest for oil still high and the gracefully low, BP had to discover other undiscovered oil supplies. BP discovered some oil fields in spots, for example, Alaska and off the shore of Scotland. These disconnected areas for penetrating again constrained lifted inventiveness of BP architects, and they started to advance better approaches to tap and transport the oil. One of these thoughts was the Trans-Alaskan Pipeline, â€Å"the biggest structural designing undertaking in North America, estimating 746 miles longà ¢â‚¬  (Ferrell et al. , 2011, p. 433).BP put forth fair attempts to guarantee the earth around boring tasks would be saved. In any case, now and then these endeavors were obstructed, which has gotten one of the focal moral issues for BP, in addition to other things, including charges of death and misrepresentation. (Ferrell et al. , 2011, p. 433-434). BP has as of late tried to improve their maintainability. With an end goal to fix its picture and take advantage of a lucky break to put resources into future capital, BP has put resources into creating other vitality sources, for example, wind, sun powered, and biofuels.BP has additionally has subscribed to decreasing ozone harming substance emanations and diminishing their commitment to a dangerous atmospheric devation, by making the previously mentioned energies as divider as putting resources into rehearses like carbon sequestration and capacity (Ferrell et al. , 2011, p. 435-436). Examination What is the absolute most significant moral issue introduced for the situation, how has the issue influenced explicit partners? I think the absolute most significant issue introduced for the situation is an absence of natural responsibility.BP inadequately keep up their oil penetrating and moving gear, and these â€Å"non-actions† add to the various oil slicks throughout the years which decimate the earth †slaughtering plants and creatures, just as the blasts which are answerable for guaranteeing a few human lives. These issues accumulate the most media inclusion, just as testing by earthy people and other particular vested parties. These auxiliary partners impact the courts and governments to punish organizations like BP for this sort of flippant behavior.The negative reports dishearten investors and workers. Tragically, I think the most clients, care more about the cost of gas than which organization they are buying it from. What has the organization done to address their moral issues, what might they be able to do any other way to dodge future moral issues? BP has attempted to address natural issues by a) just recognizing that environmental change is going on and it is a man-frantic issue, and b) contributing around $1. 4 billion in making supplies of sustainable power source (Ferrell et al. , 2011, p. 434).In 2005 BP additionally distributed an implicit rules, in it featuring the company’s lawful and moral commitments. This report was titled â€Å"Our Commitment to Integrity†. (Ferrell et al. , 2011, p. 438) I feel that the organization could have better investigations and support on their apparatuses and pipelines, and expose their discoveries, regardless of whether that office is in immaculate working request or should be shut down for fixes. Giving the partners more straightforwardness powers moral conduct and a genuine responsibility to honesty. In view of the company’s morals would you: Work for the company?I would not work for BP, particularly in the eve nt that they don't truly address the support of their offices. I feel that despite the fact that BP is in any event heading the correct way by putting resources into sustainable power source, its primary item and greatest worker is still oil †the most well-known wellspring of the company’s moral issues. Purchase their items? I have made an effort not to buy BP fuel since the oil slick in the Gulf of Mexico occurred. Be that as it may, since gas costs have taken off as of late, if gas is more affordable at a BP administration station, I will get it there.Personal frugality doesn't negate myâ ethics, I simply don't think gets sense to give significantly more cash-flow to the oil business in general than what is as of now vital. Put resources into their stock? I would not put resources into their stock right now on the grounds that BP’s fundamental item is fuel; and despite the fact that I need to utilize it, it is negative to the earth. Obviously, it is doing admir ably in the securities exchanges at this moment, yet it is temperamental and impacted by different variables occurring on the planet, and I would prefer to put resources into something is both economical and monetarily steady. Additionally, I do see BP as a reliable organization, and I need to help their underhandedness.Invite them to be a piece of the network in which you live? I would welcome BP to be a piece of my locale since employments are constantly required here. Furthermore, their capacity in my locale would not need to incorporate an oil apparatus or pipeline, it could be a sun oriented board plant, or a turbine industrial facility. Those things would impactsly affect a few networks other than my own. Updates Since this case was concentrated in the content a great deal has happened to BP, one significant occasion that ought to be referenced is the Deepwater Horizon oil slick in the Gulf of Mexico.This blast killed 11 individuals and spouted oil into the sea for a quarter o f a year. It was the biggest oil slick ever. While BP claims the blast was brought about by numerous variables, including accusing Transocean and Halliburton, suppliers of a portion of the rig’s hardware (BP, 2010), BP still gauges its general expense for the spill to be generally $40 billion, half of which is vowed to genuine survivors of the spill (Skoloff and Wardell, 2010). As of February, 2011 just $3. 54 billion had been spent on tidy up and remuneration to victims.This goes amiss essentially from BP’s unique booked distributions of that finance, but then the organization consents to even now payout profit to investors (usatoday. com, 2011). I am not saying whether it is or isn't moral to deliver investor profits during an emergency, for example, this, what I do discover deceptive is the absence of honesty. Has BP eased back remunerations installment, however they had recently declared that they would not deliver profits after the spill, and afterward refuted. Id ea I feel that the focal idea from this Case-Study is the possibility of integrity.Over the range of over 100 years, the organization has thought of new brilliant approach to reach and transport already out of reach oil, yet they despite everything utilize a form of oils spill tidy up innovation around 1960. BP creates wind and sun powered vitality advancements, yet I see more BP administration stations springing up more as often as possible than their breeze turbines. Additionally, BP reported they were going to stop profit checks to investors after the oils spill in the bay. In any case, after the issue has been out of the spotlight for some time they moderate the remuneration advantages to the bay, and keep on paying their investors anyway.BP’s own set of principles is titled â€Å"Our Commitment to Integrity†, and they’ve appeared again and again how they simply are not dependable. Application One thing that I can and do make a difference to my life by and b y is the possibility of respectability, being dependable, and making the best decision in any event, when nobody is looking. Uprightness is significant character feature to have expertly also. My major is Human Resources Development â€a field that I would like to work in one day. In a HR position I need to support my association, by building up the workers, supporting reasonableness and balance, and assisting with ingraining and positive and moral culture.

Do You Have Grit With Growth Mindset

Do You Have Grit With Growth Mindset I am 65. I know I am in physical and mental decline. Every day more names and nouns flutter around the tip of my tongue. Yet, I want to learn new things. Is it possible for an old dog to learn new tricks? Writing is my main mental exercise but I believe I need cross training. I keep thinking I should study mathematics. It would be a challenge. It would exercise an area of my brain that’s been dormant for decades. Yet, is it a practical goal? Or is it merely a matter of grit? I recently watched an episode of NOVA, “School of the Future” on PBS (also on YouTube). The 2-hour documentary covered a lot of territory about education, but two theories stood out. The first focused on grit, promoted by Angela Duckworth and her book, Grit: The Power of Passion and Perseverance, and the second on growth mindset promoted by Carol Dweck and her book Mindset: The New Psychology of Success. Both books essentially explore the same problem: Why do some students do better than others. Both books study successful people in all walks of life to see why they succeeded, hoping to apply success skills to general education. I highly recommend these books to students, parents, and anyone wanting to get ahead. However, does their insights apply to people in the last third of life? Can I become gritty and develop a growth mindset that will allow me to succeed at new learning endeavors in the last decades of life? I don’t know, but I’m going to experiment. New research claims the 65+ crowd can grow new brain cells, and their brains have elasticity. If I can learn math, that will validate those theories in my mind. People with grit don’t give up, don’t stop when encountering setbacks, aren’t discouraged by not having natural talent, and consider failure a teaching tool. People with growth mindset know they are not fixed in their intelligence or abilities. I believe I’ve always maintained a growth mindset, but I’m just a C student when it comes to grit. I need to change that mindset about grit. I can be gritty if I have to â€" I’ve stuck to a plant-based diet after getting a heart stent. But given the chance with most activities, I always take  the fun way out. I need to believe I can change that habit. Duckworth had numerous example of grit  and conducted many scientific studies, but the one that stood out most dealt with students with extracurricular activities. Kids who stuck with an afterschool pursuit for two years running were more likely to succeed in school and life afterward. I never went in for any extracurricular activities. I was a reader. But I was one hell of a gritty bookworm. I tended to wimp out at doing, but I was great at thinking about doing. Can I change that behavior this late in life? Here’s the thing about grit â€" all you have to do is keep going. Even if its just sticking to something one minute more each day. I figure if I do any amount of math daily I’ll be showing more grit. According to Duckworth, if I can stick with it for two years I’ll have the kind of grit that will transfer to other ambitions and pursuits. Come back in two years and see if the experiment succeeded. Our times are perfect for being autodidactic, especially in math. There are countless online courses to pursue, but best of all is Khan Academy. I’ve already started working with it, and it’s amazing. Even though I got through Calculus and Statistics in college, I’ve forgotten it all, and I had to start back in the 4th grade at the Khan Academy. I’m hoping to move into 7th-grade math soon. I’ve tried learning math before  and started with A Mind for Numbers: How to Excel at Math and Science by Barbara Oakley, Ph.d. But I dropped out last year. Not enough grit. I’m going to take her Learning How to Learn course at Coursera over  and apply it to working with math at the Khan Academy, which I actually enjoy. It’s almost like a video game. My new hope is Angela Duckworth is right about building grit. Her book is extremely persuasive, but her studies don’t cover us older folks. I will need to reread a chapter of Grit each week to spur me on. In both Grit and Mindset, people who succeed have goals. I’ve never been good at goal seeking. Also, Duckworth’s research showed working on a team is a major beneficial factor. I’m not sure how to arrange that. Maybe I’ll Tom Sawyer some of my retired friends into a learning club. I may have accidently tested grit already. I have written over 1,200 essays in the last ten years. That should reflect the 10,000 hours/ten-year rule, except I didn’t apply enough disciplined practiced. Studying math will be a much harder mountain to climb. Mentally I know I am right at the barrier of ability. To break through will require a major amount of grit. This is where mindset comes in. Fixed mindset tells me I’m too old. Growth mindset says I’m not. To succeed will require grit and reprogramming my mindset. But back to the book reviewing. If you’re the kind of person who always wanted to succeed at something, but hasn’t, then Grit and Mindset are for you. It’s not a matter of talent or luck, although they help. If you’re a parent, you need to read these books. Period. Ditto for teachers and professors of education. No matter what your ambition, these two books should inspire you to keep at your dream. Sign up for True Story to receive nonfiction news, new releases, and must-read forthcoming titles. Thank you for signing up! Keep an eye on your inbox.

Overview of The American Academy

The American Academy offers over 230 online courses for high school students. Students enrolled in The American Academy can complete individual courses or work towards an accredited diploma. Courses are self-paced and have a generous 6-month completion deadline, giving students the flexibility to set their own schedules. Accreditation The American Academy is accredited by Northwest Association of Accredited Schools, a regional accrediting agency. Degrees and Programs The American Academy offers online courses and high school diploma programs to students of any age. In addition to traditional diplomas, they provide the Dropout Recovery Program designed to help former students complete a high school diploma from their local school districts. Homeschool students can also take a la carte courses, enroll in a math/science bundle, or work towards a diploma. Admissions The American Academy offers open enrollment to all students. Classes start on Monday every week. Typically, each credit requires approximately 120 hours of work. Students can select courses through a shopping cart system, making it easy to tailor the curriculum to individual needs. Interesting Fact Students enrolled in The American Academy receive 50 minutes of one-on-one tutoring time from licensed professionals. Additional tutoring time may be purchased. Contact Information Website:Â  www.theamericanacademy.comPhone: 866-689-1932Address: 175 S. Main, Suite 1130Salt Lake City, UT 84111

Chinese Women Society

Sample details Pages: 15 Words: 4422 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Confucius doctrine said women werent equal to men, because women were unworthy or incapable of a literary education. (Planetpapers.com) the woman with no talent is the one who has merit(Planerpapers.com)) Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Chinese Women Society | Cultural Studies Dissertations" essay for you Create order Generally, the structure of the ancient Chinese society in China is mostly male dominated. Men always look down at women because the structure of the society is patriarchal and stultifying to women as well, as we can see through the two quotes above. In other words, women are often being discriminated and oppressed by men in the Chinese society. They have a low base status in the society and never being treated equally and fairly as how the society treats men. The author, Pearl S.Buck manages to demonstrate the truth of it by using solid examples of the practice of keeping concubines, foot-binding, female infanticide, the selling and buying daughters in the society, and the rights for a woman to get educations to his reader. In short, the inequality between men and women does exist in the society. The same goes to the female character, O-Lan in the novel of The Good Earth too. In The Good Earth, Pearl S. Buck clearly demonstrates and portrays the theme of the women oppression in the great ancient Chinese society in China a long time ago to his reader and the Chinese cultures in the society that exists during that time by using the protagonist characters of Wang Lung and O-Lan throughout the smooth flow of the story line in his novel. First and foremost, Pearl S.Buck uses the protagonist character of O-Lan in order to show to his reader that women have a low base status in the Chinese society. He wishes to let his readers to realize that there are two different roles play by a wife and a concubine during that period of time. In general, a man will marry to a woman just to reproduce sons and help him to extend his family and inherit his wealth. Well, a wifes main duty is to do all kind of housechores and bear sons, like what has been done by O-Lan. As clearly mentioned by the author in the earlier chapters, before Wang Lung marries with O-Lan, he is responsible to prepare corn meal as breakfast to his father every morning. But after he gets marry with O-Lan, O-Lan takes over his responsibility and duty to serve his father. After O-Lan is married to Wang Lung, she acts as the marital partner of Wang Lung and a slave or housewife who serves in Wang Lungs family. In fact, she even follows Wang Lung to his land everyday to help him out there without any single mumbling or grumbling. As we can see from Wang Lungs fathers words that always advice him to marry to a hardworking woman instead of a beautiful woman so that she will carry out the housechores in their household. Even Wang Lungs second son also states that he wished to marry with a maid. Perhaps he wants to be served by his wife and helps him to carry out the daily routine and housechores. After Wang Lung brings O-Lan back from the House of Hwang, he orders O-Lan to cook and prepare meals for his family, as the quotes goes Here is pork and here beef and fish. There are seven to eat. Can you prepare food?(Buck, 23)O-Lan replies by saying that she knows how to cook and prepare meals because she is a kitchen slave since her first day entered to the House of Hwang in order to convince him that she is able to carry out the housechores perfectly and completely. The woman took the bamboo rake and a length of rope and with these she roamed the countrysidereturning at noon with enough to cook the dinner. In the afternoon, she took a hoe and with these upon her shoulder without commanded to do them (Buck, 29) As mentioned by the quotes above, O-Lan also helps Wang Lung in the land besides doing housechores everyday. The author describes O-Lan as a strong person because she can adapt to the harsh environment and life and at the end, she manages to overcome it. For example, she is described by the author that she does not need any midwife to give birth to all of her six children. The Old Mistress from the Great House of Hwang orders O-Lan to carry out her duty by obeying to Wang Lungs demands and instructions absolutely without any questioning and produce him with a lot of sons, as the quotes goes Obey him and bear him sons and yet more sons. Bring the first child to me to see (Buck, 19) If you will give me three silver piecesI shall make the cloth dealer give me the last inch to the foot.(Buck, 35) This quote shows that O-Lan even prepares the clothes for Wang Lungs new born son by using the three pieces of silver money given by Wang Lung to make it. Following this further, O-Lan even tries to beg in order to help her family to overcome their financial problems during the moment at South. Being totally so different from a wife, a concubine always only acts as a sex devices for a man during that time just to fulfill mens sexual desire. For instance, Lotus Flower and Pearl Blossom is Wang Lungs concubine. Wang Lung purposely builds another court solely for Lotus Flower so that he can satisfy his sexual desire there. This clearly shows to us that a wife and a concubine will never be let to live together to avoid any unwanted incident. In short, the role of a concubine is totally different from the roles plays by a wife. O-Lan is a working wife who takes care of her children while Lotus Flower is just to fulfill his masters sexual desire and pleasure. Hence, we can say that women are always being tortured by their husband to do a lot of torturing and killing works like O-Lan, which can be considered as a form of oppression. Secondly, Pearl S.Buck wants to show to us that men can possess more than one wife, which also portrays that women are always being discriminated by men. The practice of keeping concubines is so obvious throughout the various characters in the novel, for instance, The Old Master from the Great House of Hwang, Wang Lung and Wang Lungs son. The author describes that the Old Master from the Great House of Hwang owns a lot of concubines, as mentioned by the quotes All the money in the world would not tempt me to wake up the old tiger. He sleeps with his new concubine, Peach Blossom, whom he has had but three days.(Buck, 56)Besides his official wife, the Old Mistress, he also keeps some other concubines, such as Peach Blossom and Cuckoo. The same goes to Wang Lung too. After Wang Lungs life has been improved and getting richer and richer, he always goes to the teashop which is opened by Cuckoo to meet with Lotus Flower from SooChow as he is attracted by her so much. Soon, Wang Lung is in deep love with her. He is willingly to spend a lot of silvers in order to buy jewels for her. Since he needs to pay each time just to meet with her in the teashop, he finally plans to buy Lotus Flower from Cuckoo and let her stay with him in his house. So, he builds another court around his house where it is specially designed for Lotus Flower. In the meantime, he demands his auntie to settle this matter for him. At the same time, he commands O-Lan to sweep the floor, wash the clothes, and do all kind of cleaning works and preparations for her which includes moving the new furniture to Lotuss room. This is because Wang Lung wants to prepare a perfect place for Lotus Flower to live in. So, he himself and his uncle are in charge for decorating the room for Lotus Flower. After discussed the conditions with Cuckoo, Wang Lungs auntie informs Wang Lung that Cuckoo demands for one hundred pieces of silver while Lotus Flower requests for some jewels, silks clothes, and shoes as dowry. Wang Lung agrees with the conditions and gives the money to his auntie to help him settle down this matter. In order to pay for the dowry, Wang Lung asks for the two pearls from O-Lan so that he can give it to Lotus Flower. I have borne you sons-I have borne you sons.(Buck, 209) As the quote mentioned, O-Lan, who feels that she is oppressed by Wang Lung, is unbearable with what that Wang Lung has done to her and cannot accept the truth undoubtedly that Wang Lung is going to take Lotus Flower as his concubine at first because she has give birth to two sons to Wang Lung. She worries and afraid that she will be neglected and ignored by Wang Lung soon after he owns Lotus Flower. On one day in August, Lotus, accompany by Cuckoo as her serving woman, rides a sedan chair to reach Wang Lungs house. During her arrival, O-Lan and her children are not around Wang Lungs house. Wang Lung arranges Lotus and Cuckoo to live in another court which was newly built near to his house. Wang Lung visits her almost every night just to fulfill his sexual desire. However, Wang Lung is facing some problems because O-Lan and Lotus Flower cannot mix up and tolerate among each other. O-Lan clarifies that she will suffer if she lives with Cuckoo. In order to show her protest to Wang Lung, she purposely refuses to prepare hot water for Lotus Flower and Cuckoo. In order to solve the tautness between O-Lan and Lotus, Wang Lung is forced to build a new kitchen for Lotus Flower and Cuckoo. Wang Lungs father called Lotus Flower as prostitute and this makes Lotus Flower gets angry and upset with him. Such action indirectly shows that Lotus Flower is oppressed by Wang Lungs father because she does not have any status in the family like the official wife, O-Lan but just a status less concubine. Another rigid example that shows that women are discriminated is the moment when Lotus Flower pushes away Wang Lungs daughter when she moves near to her to take her colorful clothes. She even calls Wang Lungs daughter as idiots and claims that she will never tolerate with her to Wang Lung. Her action shows that even women are being oppressed by other women as well and not solely discriminated by men. Although Wang Lung is quite old already but the author still describes him as still an energetic person, like what is said by the quote his blood ran full and hot like the blood of a young man.(Buck, 365)Wang Lung even takes his second concubine, Plum Blossom at his old age after she tells him that she likes him so much, as the quotes goes, I like old men-I like old men-they are so kind.(Buck, 367)Wang Lung and Plum Blossoms love have begun and it is being hid secretly. As the saying by Robert Fulghum goes, Dont worry that children never listen to you; worry that they are always watching you.(QuotesGarden.com), Wang Lung, as the father has a huge influence and impact on his sons until his sons also behaves like him to take concubine. Wang Lung gets angry with his eldest son because he always mixed with Lotus Flower, his favourite concubine and beats him up until the bloods come out, as describes by the quote But this anger now was the anger of one man against another man who steals away the loved woman (Buck, 261) the girl was very pretty and pale as a plum blossom, and seeing this, something stirred in his old blood that had been quiet these ten years and more.(Buck, 360) The same goes to Wang Lungs younger son too. Wang Lungs younger son declares that he wants to marry with Plum Blossom but Wang Lung does not allow it as he wants to keep Plum Blossom for himself. Wang Lungs younger son goes to join the army as a sign of protestation. To summarize, men are free to take concubines, as long as they can afford it. The more concubines that a person owns, the more respect he will acquire and gain from the society because it signifies that a man is rich enough and affordable. By analyzing the plot of the novel, we can see that many other men envy and jealous over Wang Lung because he manages to keep his wife and concubines in his house at the same time. Moreover, the author, Pearl S.Buck is able to successfully convey the message of the oppression of women that occurs in the society by using the example of foot-binding. Basically, a girl who has huge and ugly feet will never obtain a good marriage. For example, as we can see through the main character in this novel, Wang Lung does not really like O-Lan during his first met with O-Lan in the Great House of Hwang. He blames on her feet which is not small, not bound, not beautiful and it is considered as the ugly feet, as the quotes goes, He saw with an instant disappointment that her feet were not bound.(Buck, 18) O-Lan explains to him that her mother does not help her to bind her feet when she is at the young age. But she promises to Wang Lung that she will never let it to happen to her daughters, as explained by the quotes My mother did not bind them, since I was sold so young. But the girls feet I will bind-the younger girls feet I will bind.(Buck, 181) Three inches was the ideal size of a womans foot during imperial China. If I mistakenly punctured a sore, the blood gushed like a stream. Whenever I ate fish or freshly killed meat, my feet would swell, and pus would drip.My feet felt on fire and I couldnt sleep, mother struck me for crying. In summer, my feet smelled offensively because of pus and blood; in winter, my feet felt cold because of lack of circulation and hurt if they got too near the kang and were struck by warm air currents. It took two years to achieve three-inch model. Women with bound feet could not move about easily and they remained at home most of the time. In imperial China, foot-binding symbolized the lower status of women compared to men. Bound feet showed that a woman belonged to a wealthy family that did not require her to work in the fields or the shop. Today is the lucky day; if bound today, your feet will never hurt; if bound tomorrow, they will. The birth of a girl caused little joy because she brought few benefits to the family. When a daughter married, usually in her teens, she moved to her husbands home and became part of his family. (Hawaii Press) The quotes above shows that people that live in the ancient Chinese society is quite superstitious by believing that by choosing a good day, it will ensure that their daughters feet will never get hurt when it is foot-bound, which is totally contradicted to the truth and reality of it. We all know that foot-binding will surely cause great pains and suffers to them. However, due to the oppression of women, it strongly demands for all women must foot-bind their feet so that they are able to obtain a good marriage. The society always prefers a woman with bound feet than a woman without bound feet. It is described that Wang Lungs daughter is quite pretty as her feet are bound. O-Lan tells her daughter that not to cry even though the binding is pain and assures her that without bound feet, she will never be loved by her husband in future. As the novel progresses on and on, it clearly states that Wang Lung gets attracted to Lotus Flower also due to her bound feet. He says that her feet are bound, beautiful and small, as the quotes states That little one- that one ..and she holds lotus bud in her hand(Buck, 191). Furthermore, by using the act of killing female infant or infanticide, Pearl S.Buck again manages to shows to us that women have a low base status in the ancient society. Infanticide occurs so rampant and it almost becomes a common issue and trend during that time. In the ancient Chinese society, the birth of a daughter is always not welcomed by any family, which indirectly shows the great discrimination of women during that time. Daughters are always associated to the misfortune, bad luck, and the burden to the family that may bring great harms and disadvantages than benefits to the particular family. But I heard it crying-alive- (Buck, 87) Dead, she whispered (Buck, 86) He stooped and examined the handful of its body-a wisp of bone and skin- a girl.(Buck, 87) O-Lan informs Wang Lung that his new born child is only a daughter but it is dead already during the drought. Wang Lung seems to suspect about the truth of it. Perhaps, O-Lan purposely kills her newly born daughter because she does not want her to suffer from starvation anymore. Wang Lung takes the dead body and wrapped it with a broken mat and places it on the old grave. He tries to scare away the starving dog at first, but to no avail he fails to do it as he has no more energy left to do so because he is suffering from starvation and drought. Wang Lung buries her daughters dead body in an old grave. Before Wang Lung dies, he even orders Plum Blossom to poison his poor fool by using the poison that he has prepared. This also clearly demonstrates that daughters are not welcomed by his family. Luckily, Plum Blossom, who is a kind-hearted woman, refuses to do so but promises to take care of her. Another concrete example that shows that women are discriminated by men is the way howWang Lung calls his eldest daughter. It is another form of oppression to women. Wang Lung calls her Little fool-my poor little fool-(Buck, 170), which shows that he does not like her very much than his son.Wang Lung also declares that his third child is only a daughter and not worth to mention about it, as the quote states It is over once more. It is only a slave this time-not worth mentioning.(Buck, 67) Even at the temple, Wang Lung always requests for a grandson rather than a granddaughter from the two earth gods. As we can see, he will curse the earth gods if he does not get a grandson. Such example indirectly shows that the society is always emphasized on the importance of men than women. In order to thank the towns goddess for giving him a grandson, Wang Lung buys new robes for them while Wang Lungs son distributes red eggs to their visitors and respected guests as a form of celebration for his joy of having a son. However, when Wang Lungs second daughter-in-law gives birth to a daughter, he does not feel as happy and joyful as he is when he is having a grandson. When I return to that house it will be with my son in my arms.(Buck, 34) It is a man child! He called triumphantly. You are grandfather and I am father. (Buck, 38) The red candle was lit and she was lying neatly covered upon the bed. Beside her, wrapped in a pair of his trousers, as the custom was in this part, lay his son. (Buck, 39) Tomorrow I will go into the city and buy a pound of red sugar and stir it into boiling water for you to drink.(Buck, 39) We shall have to buy a good basketful of eggs and dye them all red for the village. Thus everyone will know I have a son.(Buck, 39) his son, a great, fat, moony-faced child with high cheek bones likes his mother.(Buck, 44)(Some descriptions about Wang Lungs first son) the child lay beside her-a fat, placid child, well enough, but not so large as the first one. (Buck, 59) (Some descriptions about Wang Lungs second son) Sons every year; the house was full of good fortune-this woman brought him nothing but good fortune.(Buck, 59) When O-Lan gives birth, Wang Lung also hopes that he can have a son rather than a daughter. After O-Lan gives birth to a son, Wang Lung is gay, happy and joyful over it. He even plans to spread this great news to the whole village and let everyone know about it. With all of the examples clarified above, it vividly portrays to us that the status of a female child is too low and never get any respects from the ancient Chinese society. There are some celebrations for the birth of a son but definitely not a daughter and it shows that a daughter is never being preferred by any family. In addition, Pearl S.Buck manages to prove to us that women are always being discriminated by men by using the example of selling daughters as well. Wang Lung and his family go south to overcome the drought, they slowly cope with the life in the Kiangsu, which is a city and is totally different from Anhwei, the place where Wang Lung is born. After Wang Lung and O-Lan found that the life in city does not really suit them anymore, therefore, they plan to return to their land. Unfortunately, they do not have enough money to pay for the expenses for their journey back to the land. Thus, O-Lan suggests Wang Lung that he should sell their daughter so that they can realize their plan to return to the land. At first, Wang Lung does think about it, but after much consideration and thinking, he finally cancels out his plan to do so. This is because he thinks that it is a cruel action and afraid that his little fool may face the same fate as O-Lan. O-Lan comes from North Shantung and she is being sold to the Great House of Hwang at the age of ten by her parents during the famine. She is always being beaten by her owner. Usually, the poor families will sell off their children especially daughters in order to help them to overcome their time of difficulties. Then, the female children will either become a prostitute or a slave depending on their physical appearance. Since O-Lan is not that beautiful and attractive, so she becomes a kitchen slave in the great house. The practice of buying daughters can be also considered as a form of women discrimination. For example, in the novel, Wang Lung buys another seven daughters from a hungry man just to fulfill Lotus Flowers demands where all of them are beautiful but very weak after his life has been improved and live in a wealthy and luxurious life. To summarize, the selling and buying of daughters portrays to us that women are always being oppressed by men during ancient Chinese society. Last but not least, Pearl S.Buck also manages to prove to us that woman who is being treated unequally by the society, does not even have the rights to enter a school and receives any kind of education. We can conclude that the education is only mean to man only and definitely not to woman during that time. After Wang Lung realizes the importance of being literate and educated, he sends his two sons to a school to accept the education. The headmaster of the school gives another name to Wang Lungs eldest son Nung En and Nung Wen to his second son. Nung means the wealth of a person is comes directly from the earth. We can see the discrimination that Wang Lung practices in his family when he does not send his daughter to school to study and become an literate person. This clearly shows to us that the women are always been oppressed and denied from attending any educational system. In conclusion, Pearl S.Buck has successfully portrayed the ugly side of the ancient Chinese society in China which oppresses and discriminates women to his reader throughout the flow of story in his novel The Good Earth. Women are always being referred to the second-class humans while men are the first-class humans. He manages to prove it by using concrete examples of the practice of foot-binding, keeping concubines, female infanticide, the rights to get educated, and selling and buying of daughters. In short, Pearl S.Buck has successfully highlighted the theme of women oppression during the ancient Chinese society in China to his readers throughout the novel The Good Earth. As what we have realized and observed, todays women have been treated equally to men. They do have their own rights to fight for their own education and feminism. After observing the society around us, we may conclude that there are less discrimination and oppression towards women in todays life compared to the ancient time especially during the ancient Chinese society in China.

To What Extent Does the Problem of Urbanization Can Be Met...

To what extent does the problem of urbanization can be met by sustainable development? For the past decades the trend of urbanization has rapidly increased, especially in developing countries. Urbanization may be defined as a process in which people from rural areas are migrating to the city. The sudden increase of the population in cities has brought significant problems to their inhabitants, the environment and resources. These problems are providing housing with basic facilities and public transport, mitigating the effect of pollution which is detrimental to the environment and people, and sustaining its development and resources. Sustainable development is defined in the Brundtland Report in Our Common Future as ‘development†¦show more content†¦The first housing project was done during 1954 through 1964 it was the partial rehousing of squatter settlers from Shek Kip whose place was engulfed by fire; this embarked the establishment of elevated public settlement. The second housing project was done during 1964 through 1973 and made a large expans ion on it at the edge of city area; this started the idea of planning the housing settlement outside the city. Finally, the housing project that they are currently building in New Towns in the New Territories; this project was first launch in 1973. This project will temporarily solve the scarcity in housing for it was only built for the present situation and did not consider the problem on housing that will arise in the future. Consequently, the government has no organized plan in addressing the squatting problem for they only act according to the situations and solved it in short-term basis. For example, they only resettle the homeless when their communities was engulfed by a fire, cleared the areas when it is needed for redevelopment or restricted it when it will be redeveloped for future use and they only rehouse those squatters who are registered or just relocate them to impermanent settlement. 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Mobile and Executive Computing for Mobile Enterprise System

Question: Discuss about theMobile and Executive Computing for Mobile Enterprise System. Answer: Introduction The revolution brought about by mobile phones was of immense impact to the traditional ways of doing many business activities especially interaction. Information spread faster and communication became more efficient and instant. The growth of the mobile influence has extended beyond the normal business activities and now includes managing production processes as well as facilitating human resource and much more. It is estimated that within the next decade, more than 50 percent of the business processes will be conducted over mobile phone applications (Gunnarsson 2013). Additionally, the use of smartphones is growing at a rapid rate all over the globe. Precisely, more than 90% of the global population has a smartphone at the moment, a number that is projected to grow and surpass the population (Derbyshire 2017). This growth accompanied by a number of other favorable factors like their mobility, convenience, and small size make mobile business solutions an inevitable alternative to the traditional business process as well as desktop based business solutions. The implementation of a mobile solution is, however, an expensive and complex process that needs to be evaluated thoroughly to ensure that the investment put in by the acquiring company matches the returns expected from it. This report seeks to explore the implementation process that an implementation manager may explore to come up with a working system. It looks at the different factors that may have an impact on the end functioning of the system. The report uses the experiences gained from several case studies that have implemented such systems. It looks at the problem they solved, the benefits these systems brought to their respective companies, the cost factor of the system, dependents of the success of the system and the platforms used and the factors that affected the choice of those platforms. Cost-Benefits Analysis One of the biggest tasks for the implementation management team is to ensure that the ultimate benefits of any system will be of a higher value than its cost. To determine this, the management team will have to evaluate the different platforms that may be used, the technologies used, the emerging technology used, vital backup procedures, maintenance of the system and how long will the technology used to create the system will exist in the foreseeable future (Jacobs 2006). Cost Factor The cost factor of a mobile enterprising system, like that of a regular automated system, is subject to a number of costs that may not only involve the initial costs but also recurrent costs that might be required to run and maintain the system. Estimation of the right amount of cost is viable to carry out an effective cost-benefit analysis. The estimated cost of implementing and running may vary depending on a specific firms needs. To accurately estimate the costs that may be involved, costs are divided into different categories such as initial cost, recurring cost, wireless infrastructure costs, training costs and additional costs(Jacobs 2006). It is necessary to break these costs further down into smaller even smaller groups to increase the accuracy of the estimates to the real costs. For instance, the initial costs can be broken down into the cost for hardware, software, wiring system, mount installation and other peripheral devices that could be used. The software development co st will as well vary depending on the expected complexity of the application. Similarly, the recurring costs such as maintenance contracts, training for technology support, software upgrades and any necessary replicable should be put into consideration. Benefits Factor On the benefits side of the cost-benefit analysis, it is essential to evaluate the benefits that systems, if successfully implemented, will bring to the firm. Factors such as the current workload, the congestion associated with the workload, the effectiveness of the system in easing management, resource allocation and supervision, reduction in the current cost and improvement in quality are crucial in helping in the analysis of potential benefits (Jacobs 2006). However, since there is no definite measure of the impact that the system may have on the company, the company must take the burden of carrying out an extensive benefits analysis to ensure that the benefits are not overstated in relation to the costs (Sabine Andrea 2014). Understanding the key components of the implementation process are crucial to the success of the process is a great way of having an effective cost-benefit analysis. Key Components The key components of an implementation of a mobile enterprise system can be included in a three-step process that forms up the implementation process; reach, act and transform (Gunnarsson 2013). Each step has some designated components that are required to be taken care of. Reach In the reach stage, the main components are communication and productivity tools. These ensure that the customer using the app can be reached anytime, anywhere. These components may include main needs of the business, the staff section of the app, the type of device to be used and system requirements and are the main focus at this stage (Gunnarsson 2013). The designing bit comes in as well with a focus on user experience and the security of the application during accessing of content by the customer. Act In the second stage, the management team should make sure users of the application can access service through a simple authorization and allow input in real time from a remote location. The key components at this stage are security authorization and acknowledgment. The management may decide to test the components by allowing internal people to use and give feedback on the operations of the application. The main focus should be the emphasis on the applications usability and how consistent it is when in operation. The retrieval of information both online and offline should be also a priority. Transform The last stage is transformation. The key components involved at this stage are re-reengineering of the core process, automation of routines and certainty of flexibility to the customer. The management may compare their progress to that of other players ahead of them in the industry. A perfect scenario may be developed and shared with experts to identify ways in which the progress can be bettered further. The system may be strategized more to find ways in which it can be streamlined to solving more than the immediate problems by incorporating Artificial Intelligence. Carrying out a poll from the executive and users, both customers and staff may help to identify areas of improvement. Choice of Technology The biggest driving force behind mobility of business solutions is the technology used. A study conducted to determine the major factors holding back mobility in many companies found out that the number one inhibitor of mobile embracement was the design system (Gunnarsson 2013). From the three currently popular systems, Software Configuration Management (SCM), Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) and Customer Relationship Management (CRM), the study also found that the most desirable design was CRM (Gunnarsson 2013). The choice of technology depends much on the internal process of the business in question and the status of its inter-organizational coordination. For instance, in a case study of a wood processing firm, the firm uses RFID in the manufacturing process to identify and track the logs as they are processed (Salo 2012). In this, the choice of the system would depend on the type of the business that the firm intents or already entails in. Alternatively, the choice of the techno logy to be employed may be depended on the interaction of the different departments within the organization. In addition, there is a factor on the impact of the inter-organizational connection. In some instances, the connection may be strong and thus require that the involved departments use a technology that will allow smooth transaction or communication between the different them, For example, an insurance company agent may use the same platform as a customer to initiate the claim process instantly at the point of accident (Salo 2012). There are many factors that may affect the choice of a companys technology, the company, therefore, must be able to identify all the factors that are involved and ensure each point is factored during the decision process. An all-inclusive decision process is likely to reduce the problems of restructuring in future. Even with a perfect choice for the right technology, the success of the implementation process depends on other equally important factor s. Success Factors and Enablers Factors that drive the success of the implementation process, just like the other factors discussed before, may as well differ from one project to another. However, there are factors that can be seen as defining factors to the success of the implementation. These include end-to-end solution, mobility built-in, and industry excellence (Gunnarsson 2013). These factors are discussed in detail below. End-2-End Solution It refers to the development of the business solution from scratch, starting from the front-end to the back end without using any templets throughout the process. Garrison (2013) notes that a hands-on development from scratch will ensure a seamless transition from one step to another. This will allow any inhibitors or potential errors to be identified in the early stages. Mobility Built-in The second success factor is the mobility built-in factor. The success of the project depends very much on the focus and the goal of the implementation management team. A focus on the technological constraints is likely to fail because it does not focus on the very problem it tries to solve (Gunnarsson 2013). Gunnarsson (2013) also notes that if much investment and focus is put into the technical aspect of the system, it puts constraints on the management in future in case newer technologies that are better come up. Industry Excellence The third success factor that may affect the success of the implementation is focused on the excellence of the system in the industry. Users of the application will definitely want a service that is as close as to the natural if not better. It is the role of the management team to ensure that the application developed is an excellent application and solves the problem it is designed to solve. The application may be tested to meet excellence on the basis of its design, the speed, the bugs and the simplicity of using it to the end user. From the success factors, it can be seen that the most important bit of the implementation process is not necessarily, as much as it may be important, the technical bit but the design bit. It is necessary to ensure that the design, therefore, meets the standards of the industry. The focus should be on the ability of the system to be usable to the end user without the need for an intensive training. Platform There are a number of platforms used to facilitate mobile systems. These may include the Apples iOS, Blackberry, and Android (Salo 2012). The choice for Blackberry is limited since most of the apps are customized to the device. The choice between iOS and Android is determined by the platform with the most customers or potential customers. However, it is advisable to provide an application for all the available platform to ensure that the customers have a wide choice in regard to the platform they want to use. Conclusion The implementation process of a mobile system is as complex as the implementation of the desktop enterprise system. However, its nobility makes it a favorable choice due to its mobility and capabilities of allowing users to access services at their own convenience. With the complexity involved and the high costs of implementing the system, the implementation process must be undertaken with care to avoid any mistakes. This report has explored the process of implementation focusing on the several factors that entail the successful implementation of a mobile enterprising system. Although the report tries to include all the aspects of the process, it may not have covered every step that there is and there should not be taken as exclusive. Works Cited Gunnarsson, M 2013, 'The Business Benefits of Enterprise Mobile Solution', IFS. Jacobs, M 2006, 'Mobile Computing Technologies', IT Department, Illinois State Police, Illnois. Sabine , B Andrea, B 2014, 'e-Ecosystems : living bits and things : 27th Bled eConference, 4th Living Bits and Things Conference', in The 27th Bled eConference "eEcosystems", Moderna Organizacija, Kranj. Salo, J 2012, 'The role of mobile technology in a buyer-supplier relationship: a case study from the steel industry', The Journal of Business Industrial Marketing, vol 27, no. 7, pp. 554-563.

Pyramids Essays - Giza Plateau, Khafra, African Architecture

Pyramids The Egyptians believed that their kings were gods. Even after they had died, the rulers continued to affect daily life through their supernatural powers. In his new life in the underworld, the king would need everything he needed while alive, and he needed his home to last for eternity. While alive, Egyptian kings lived in palace of mud-brick, wore linen roves, and slept in wooden beds. In their gentle climate, more substantial comforts were not needed. But eternity last a whole lot longer than life. So the tombs of the kings needed to be durable and well-supplied. The tombs also needed to protect the body and its supplies and gifts from thieves. They also were the focus of the Egyptian religion and so needed to be extremely visible. The massive stone pyramid met all these criteria. However, there was still the problem of supplying the king with essentials. Since entombing a never-ending supply of food and servants was not very practical, the Egyptians decided on the principal of "substitution by means of a representation." Since the dead king now existed in spirit, rather than physical form, he was not bound by physical limitations. A picture or word could feed him as well as a real slab of meat. Servants did not have to be killed and laid around his tomb; statues could take their place. Because the king was a god to his people, they needed to be able to come and worship him. But if his body were accessible to the whole nation, the king and his treasures would be too accessible to robbers. So, instead they built a statue resembling the king which they placed in a temple open to the public. His ka, or spirit could leave the tomb and come live in his statue for awhile. This way, the people's prayers and gifts could still be delivered while keeping him safe. 2 Herodotus, a Greek who wrote about the building of the pyramids long after they had been built, claimed that the Great Pyramid took tens of thousands of men and in just twenty years to make. But even if those figures are not accurate, the construction of the pyramids was an amazing feat. The Egyptians had not learned to use the wheel or the pulley and so lifted all of the stones using ramps. The cut stone was edged along the ramps on rollers, lubricated by only milk or water. We do not know how many people died as laborers for the pyramids, but we do know that most Egyptians would have been eager to participate in the building: because the king would become a god who could bless or curse their lives; they wanted to make sure he was comfortable and cared for and able to come back and help them. On the rocky plateau of Giza, ten miles southwest of the center of Cairo, stands the Great Pyramid, the most majestic and most mysterious monument ever erected by the hand of man (Adams). The Great Pyramid is the largest stone building on earth, and the last surviving wonder of the ancient world. Its base covers just over thirteen acres, and it is composed of some 2.3 million blocks of granite and limestone, weighing from 2.5 to seventy tons apiece, which rise in two hundred and three layers to the height of a forty- story building. The Pyramid was originally covered with twenty one acres of polished, marble-like casing stones, which, shining resplendently beneath the sun's rays, earned for it the ancient title "The Light." The Pyramid is an unrivaled feat of engineering and craftsmanship. It is aligned with the four cardinal points more accurately than any contemporary structure, including the Meridian Building at Greenwich Observatory in London. The three hundred and fifty foot long descending passage is so straight that it deviates from a central axis by less than a quarter of an inch from side to side and only one tenth of an inch up and down. The casing stones, some of which weighed over sixteen tons, are so perfectly shaped and 3 squared that the mortar-filled joint between them is just one fiftieth of an inch. Egyptologist Sir Flinders Petrie described such phenomenal precision as the "finest opticians work on a scale of acres"; work of this caliber is beyond the capabilities of modern technology. The casing stones show no tool marks and the corners are not even slightly chipped. The granite coffer in the King's Chamber is

Canadas Emergence As A Stronger Nation After World War Two essays

Canadas Emergence As A Stronger Nation After World War Two essays In the years following World War Two, Canada displayed its newfound role as one of the leading nations of the world. The conclusion of the Second World War created a time of remarkable economic prosperity throughout the country. Canadas economy boomed as it shifted from being primarily resource based to becoming a significantly service based economy. Also, the end of the war brought a noteworthy political alteration. Canada became increasingly independent from Britain as well as becoming an internationally accepted political power on a world front. Cultural transformations were also clear after World War Two. It became apparent to the Canadian Government that it would have to work to preserve and protect a distinctive Canadian culture and also incorporate the increasing immigrant population. With these changes, Canada emerged from the Second World War as a stronger nation, not only economically, but also in a political and cultural sense. Firstly, the 1950s were a time of enormous growth in the industries of Canada. Prior to the end of the Second World War; Canadas economy was for the most part resourced based. However, with the conclusion of World War Two, Canada shifted to a more service based economy. By 1955, service industries accounted for 50 per cent of the countrys income, with the remaining 50 per cent coming from manufacturing and construction, and the extraction and processing of primary products . Agriculture was still dominant in the primary industries, but forest and mineral products displayed increasing expansion at the time. With the increase of the service and manufacturing industries came an overall boost in the economy. As a result of the success of the service based economy, the gross national product grew from $12 billion in 1946 to something over $30 billion in the first half of 1957 . These statistics show an average increase of 25 per cent per year while the average increase per year in Can. ..

Mergers and Acquisitions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Mergers and Acquisitions - Essay Example Man has always tried to conquer the unconquerable and do the undo able this is the same factor that drives the companies into the abyss of the unknown (Allan and Michael, 2010). In a bid to outdo and outsmart the competitors and get the upper hand of strategic advantages, companies cannibalise other companies or in some cases form understanding relationship. It is done either through merger and acquisition where one company either devours another one or decides to merge together and form a new entity (Andrews and Smith, 2006). A significant number of these mergers and acquisitions either goes smoothly whether the companies emerge victorious and successful in the process, while in other case the deal fails to get through, and the companies suffer massive financial damages (Debbage, 2004). a) Increased globalisation across the world has increased the number of across borders mergers and acquisitions around the world. The authors of the article named 'Dubious Logic of Global Mega-Merger s’, argue that most of the time the megamergers that take place, does not substantiate into something extra ordinary, as was thought to be. The article represents how the mega companies are still living under the shadows of the age old theory of the capitalists (Benner and Sandstrom, 2012). Most of the mighty and strong companies in and around the world strongly believe that the prevalence of one can only be guaranteed, if the prevalence of the others can be weakened. For example most of the big companies resort to constant and innumerable number of mergers and acquisitions in order to stay big and strong. The mergers and acquisitions have increased transfer of knowledge, transfer of resources, transfer of economy and even transfer of culture (Caoello and Gillesaie, 2003). This have helped to bridge the gap between the nations, between the companies and the between the various industrial sectors as well. So it can be argued that globalisation has led to concentration of compa nies (Chiefele, 2012). As companies engage in innumerable cases of mergers and acquisitions the length and breadth of the industry begins to get shortened. Thus slowly the industry begins to shrink and thus there remains only limited number of players. These players happen to call the shots. This argument is favoured by various researchers. Although the authors Cravens (2010) state that in reality there is no cause and effect relationship between globalisation and mergers and acquisitions. In fact globalisations after the World War II has lead to decreased concentration in certain industrial sectors. Companies engage in engage in merger and acquisition to take advantage of the economy of scale. Apart from that the other advantages are transfer of technical know-how, sharing of intellectual resources and other strategic advantages (Xu, 2000). The authors are right in their view that the history of merger and acquisitions is strewn with numerous failures but close review of the failur es will indicate that the failures were partly due to the management incompetency (David, James and Arthur, 2011). Due to incompetency, the management of the acquiring companies could not evaluate the exact economic value and the subsequent risks. Despite the fact that the history of mergers and acquisitions are riddled with innumerable failures but there are various successes stories also. The following table

Read Fast Food Nation. Identify the author's main argument. Find a Essay

Read Fast Food Nation. Identify the author's main argument. Find a theme that you plan to focus on in your analysis paper - Essay Example Down the way, the author reveals a load of thought-provoking and disturbing realities – the unscrupulous tie between fast food and the giant of Entertainment Industry and the transformations in the industry that have formed in the production of food products and the standard of culture. While the book is divided into two sections – â€Å"The American Way† and â€Å"Meat and Potatoes†, there is one theme that really that is showing up: convenience. As aforementioned, The Food Nation is divided into two sections. In â€Å"The American Way†, the author looks at the beginnings of the fast food industry within the framework of post World War II America. This describes how the idea of fast food cropped up and began to transform the food culture of America. In the â€Å"Meat and Potatoes†, the author investigates on the particular procedures of the fast food industry such as the development of the chemical flavoring, combination of spices and the li vestock production; the working conditions in related industries such as the poultry and the beef industries, and the worldwide perspective of fast food as an American way for imperializing the fast food industry. ... entertainment industry, particularly Hollywood, in raking more partakers of the industry; hence, a conversation between Ray Kroc and Walt Disney took place, pointing towards creating an integrated business model that would profit both industries. In this section of the book, the author also places a significant emphasis on the ideal and most effective methods of commercializing the food industry, that is, by targeting the kids’ population through Walt Disney’s advertisements.4 The Food Nation also touches on the role of the food industry in providing jobs to the American People: the fast food industry provides work for a large proportion of the American population (although most jobs pay low wages). Many fast food companies around the world are employing more employees than any other industry in America. This somehow implies of the growing fascination not just the American people but of the world population to the fast food industry. The contention of this review is the observation that the increasing attention to the food industry by the American people is driven by the deficiency of time. With the advent of the industrial era comes the continuing tightness and increasing workloads in the workplace, causing more time constraints on the part of the American people. In various sectors of the American society, the concern for time is much on an upward slope: there is a greater need for convenience in terms of eating and relaxation. Considering the fact the deficiency of time is already an issue, many people already prefer to eat outside; nevertheless, there are restaurants that are even worse in time consumption than cooking your food in the comfort of your own home. Some restaurants would take customers considerable amount of time before they can be served. This is

Price Determination in Market Forces of Demand and Supply

Price Determination in Market Forces of Demand and Supply Introduction It is inevitable that world prices of commodities are increasing substantially. The increase of commodity prices does not only affect producers and consumers, but also governments. Around the world, governments face renewed pressure to reform their budgeting processes, including Malaysia. Malaysia has a well-established infrastructure and is one of the most economically advanced countries in South Asia. This essay is opted to discuss the rational of price hikes and its impacts to the cost of living particularly in the Malaysian context as well as providing the blueprint for Malaysian government in bracing the price hikes. 2.0 Do Oil Price Increases Cause Higher Other Commodity Prices? Current commodity price hikes are not only affecting the Malaysian economy and society, but also affecting the whole world. According to OECD Economics Department Policy Notes, commodity prices have risen considerably since mid-2010. The rational of price hikes is due to the price hikes of world’s primary sources like crude oil, food, steel, wheat and such. Oil is one of the world’s basic necessities and the backbone of most countries, especially developing countries, as some developed countries do have renewable resources as alternatives in their productions of commodities. OECD Economics Department Policy Notes states that higher energy prices have contributed to rising food prices, because energy accounts for over one-third of the cost of grain production. 2.1 Scarcity of Oil as One of the Important Natural Resources This is further encouraged by the scarcity of natural resources and raw materials. It is expected that world supply and production of oil are falling into depletion. This problem is commonly referred to as â€Å"peak oil†, where the production of oil reaches a maximum and will subsequently begin to decline until full depletion is ultimately reached. According to Hassan (2010), it is expected that the world’s oil supply will be completely diminished by 2025. Prices are Set by Both International and Local Market Factors Commodity prices are largely determined by international market powers within regional basis at most of the time. This shows that commodity prices are in-part out of government’s control in most countries around the world including Malaysia. 3.1 Mixed Economy in Malaysia Malaysia is practicing a mixed economic system and not exempted by international price changes. The economic activities in Malaysia are carried out by entrepreneurs in the production activities of goods and services as well as by the government that provides public goods and services to Malaysian citizens in terms of education, transportation, health and others. Based on Price Control Act 1961, Malaysian government is controlling only seven types of goods—white refined sugar, petrol, diesel, liquid petroleum gas, flour, cooking oil, and facemask (as illustrated in table 1). According to Ministry of Domestic Trade, Co-operatives and Consumerism, Malaysian government previously controlled other five goods which are steel (price control was repealed on 12 May 2008), chicken (price control was repealed on 12 May 2008), cement (price control was repealed on 5 June 2008), sweetened condensed milk (price control was repealed on 1 April 2009) and white bread (price control was repeale d on 1 Jan 2010). Table 1: List of Controlled Goods Source: Ministry of Domestic Trade, Co-operatives and Consumerism (MDTCC) Commodity Price Increases in Malaysia According to Datuk Dr. Wee Ka Siong, Ayer Hitam MP and MCA Deputy President, 2014 is seen as a tough year for Malaysians as the prices hikes, including the impending ones that impacting the middle-income earners and below (Foong, 2014). The price hikes are assumed as one of the impacts of the Malaysian government’s rationalisation exercise of fuel subsidies and the electricity tariff in the effort of reducing the nation’s economic burden. 4.1 Reducing Nation’s Economic Burden The Malaysia’s federal government is in a bad state because it is spending more than it earns, causing a persistent budget deficit. Malaysia’s debt-to-GDP ratio is higher than officials would like. With the exception of India, that deficit burden is the highest among the Non-Japan Asian economies (KPMG, 2011). According to Deputy of Ministry of Finance Datuk Ahmad Maslan, at the end of June 2013, the federal government owed tax of RM 284.7 billion, which is 28.8% of Malaysian GDP (Bernama, 2013). Until September 30, 2013, the shortfall is funded by the federal government incurring more debt, which was in total of RM529.2 billion or 53.6% of GDP (Bernama, 2013). 4.2 Subsidy Removal According to Shanmugam, â€Å"In Malaysia, the electricity tariff, food prices and toll rates on urban highways are all going up in 2014 as the government cuts subsidies and reigns in its operating expenditure†. Scrapping energy subsidies has become a target for government austerity measures over the past years. In complying with the latest budget, Malaysia has recently cut its annual subsidy on petrol and electricity (The Economist, 2014). Malaysia slashed its petrol subsidies by 20 cents a litre and by 20 to 80 cents on diesel (BBC News, 2013). This is the first time in more than two years that Malaysia cuts fuel subsidies as it tries to reduce its budget deficit. On the other hand, the electricity tariff in Malaysia is increased by an average of about 14.89% for Peninsular Malaysia, and by about 17% for Sabah and Labuan starting January 1st, 2014 as shown in Table 2 (Shagar, 2013). This is in line with the Government’s effort towards gradually reducing energy subsidi es to industries through the Subsidy Rationalisation Program. Table 2: The table on implications of the revised rate on domestic users Impacts of price hikes to Malaysian cost of living It is pretty clear that the cost of living in Malaysia is going to rise substantially as we stepped into 2014. According to Alliance Financial Group Bhd. and Malaysian Rating Corp., the 14 percent increase in sugar cost starting in October 2013 and 11 percent increase of petrol in September 2014 as well as 15 percent increase of electricity in January 2014 could inhibit private consumption growth by 0.9 percentage point in 2014 (Chong, 2014). Chong (2014) anticipates that Malaysia’s middle class is harshly hit by the price increases with elevated household borrowings as slower pay increase than the lower-income earners. According to Wan Saiful Wan Jan, the chief officer at the Institute for Democracy and Economic Affairs, with as little as RM 3,000 salary per month, the middle-income earners or the ‘Sandwich Class’ is not benefitting as much as other higher and lower classes from the government income tax cuts (Chong, 2014). Despite the increase cost of living, the Malaysian Employers Federation estimates that there will be lower salary increases as well as bonuses in the private sector in 2014, where executives will get a 5.63 percent average increase in salaries and non-executives will get a 5.65 percent raise as the results of an MEF survey of 257 companies (Choong, 2014). The producers are the ones that expected to gain much of the price hikes, especially for those who take advantage by their hidden charges through overprice selling of goods on consumers. However, Ministry of Domestic Trade, Co-operatives and Consumerism Ministry is taking serious actions to protect consumers’ rights. Figure 1: Food Prices Comparison between 2013 and 2014 Source: Utusan Online—3 January 2014 How do Malaysian government brace such increases in commodity prices? In many ways, Malaysia has been an early adopter of important financial reform programs. According to Shanmugam, the opposition has claimed that corruption and wastage are the main reasons the government is not able to spend within its means, thus increasing its spending that leads to high debt. Nevertheless, the technocrats in the Cabinet, Dato’ Seri Idris Jala and Dato’ Seri Abdul Wahid Omar say that Dato’ Seri Najib Razak’s administration has spelt out clear measures to tackle leakages in government spending and end corrupt practices. 6.1 Long-Term Agreement One of the ways that is taken by the Malaysian government in bracing the price increases is by having agreement with the resources supplying countries. For example, the government is able to control sugar price because of its long-term agreement with Brazil in supplying raw sugar to Malaysia. Nevertheless, sugar is pressured by price hikes due to the usage of sugar canes as primary supplier of raw sugar in biofuel (Department of Information, 2008). This causes sugar canes for the use of biofuel having high demand in the world market. Outcome-Based Budgeting The government has also introduced the Outcome-Based Budgeting (OBB) which is also known as Performance-Based Budgeting in Budget 2014 as a way to allocate resources based on achieving agreed upon objectives, program goals and measured results. This will help in improving the implementation of efficiencies, reducing redundancy and systematically evaluate the performance of all ministries. Furthermore, according to Dato’ Seri Abdul Wahid, the government is now more focusing on public-private partnerships, where the private sector implements the projects and end-users pay for it. He said that â€Å"there will be less emphasis on private finance initiatives (FPI) where the government has to pay annual lease payments, which contribute to a growing operating budget† (Shanmugam, 2013). Goods and Services Tax Goods and Services Tax (GST) is a broad based consumption tax which will generally be applicable on all goods and services, where consumers pay only on what they consume. Any registered business that charges GST can offset the GST it pays against the tax it collects before forwarding the balance to the government, so that the tax is ensured to be imposed only once. This is called as an â€Å"input tax credit mechanism†, where businesses are able to operate without tax cost and the final 6% tax is borne by the end consumer (Kumaran and Simpson, 2013). However, basic goods such as unprocessed meat, cooking oil, and sugar as well as public services like education, healthcare, tolls, financial services and life insurance will be exempt from GST (Kumaran and Simpson, 2013). This will help Malaysians in curbing their expenses with the increasing living cost. Furthermore, under the Price Control and Anti-Profiteering Act 2010, it is illegal for businesses to increase prices by 4% across the board with the introduction of GST (Kumaran and Simpson, 2013). Pricing decisions by businesses are also obliged to be justifiable or else stringent penalties will be taken by domestic trade cooperatives and consumerism ministry. In brief, instead of making everything more expensive in addition to international price hikes, GST is going to help Malaysians by providing a more transparent, streamlined and fairer tax based on our consumption patterns (Kumaran and Simpson, 2013). Conclusion In conclusion, despite the drawbacks of price hike to the cost of living particularly in the Malaysian context, price hikes are seen as a good cause in reducing the government’s burden. The government does need to reduce its fiscal deficit for the long term economic wellbeing. Therefore, cuts in government subsidies executed by the Malaysian government are viewed as a rational approach. Based on the blueprint discussed in this essay, it shows that the government also has proposed some measures to curb the impacts of price hikes to consumers. The government and its people are supposed to be partners in their shared journey of development and progress, thus both parties have to play their parts in fiscal consolidation. References BBC News. (2013, September 3). BBC NEWS BUSINESS. Retrieved from BBC: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-23926411 Bernama. (2013, November 25). Hutang negara RM284.7b pada akhir Jun tahun ini, lapor Kementerian Kewangan. Retrieved from The Malaysian Insider: http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/bahasa/article/hutang-negara-rm284.7b-pada-akhir-jun-tahun-ini-lapor-kementerian-kewangan Chong, P. K. (2014, January 7th). Malaysians Seen Curbing Spending as Living Costs Surge: Economy. Retrieved from Bloomberg News: http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-01-07/malaysians-seen-curbing-spending-as-living-costs-surge-economy.html Choong, P. (2014, January 7). Malaysians Seen Curbing Spending as Living Costs Surge: Economy. Bloomberg News. Malaysia: Bloomberg L.P. Department of Information. (2008). Clarification on Subsidies and Price Increases of Goods and Services. Kuala Lumpur: Perkasa Nilam Sdn. Bhd. Foong, P. (2014, January 6). Malaysian Politics 2014: Tough explaining price hikes to people, says Dr Wee. Retrieved from The Star Online: http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Nation/2014/01/06/Malaysian-politics-2014-Wee-Ka-Siong-MCA-Barisan-Nasional/ Hassan, M. (2010, July 19). Bersediakah kita menuju negara hijau? Retrieved from Utusan Online: http://www.utusan.com.my/utusan/info.asp?y=2010dt=0719pub=Utusan_Malaysiasec=Rencanapg=re_06.htm KPDNKK. (2014, January 10). Price List of Controlled Items. Retrieved from Offical Portal of Ministry of Domestic Trade, Co-operatives and Consumerism: http://www.kpdnkk.gov.my/en/pengguna/penguatkuasaan/brg-kawalan/harga-brg-kawalan KPMG. (2011, September). Outcome-based Budgeting: A Six Nation Study. Making the Transition. KPMG International Cooperative. Kumaran, R., Simpson, T. (2013, October 21). Real impact of GST on cost of living. Retrieved from The Star Online: http://www.thestar.com.my/Business/Business-News/2013/10/21/Real-impact-of-GST-on-cost-of-living-It-helps-change-the-way-we-pay-tax-provides-more-transparent-s.aspx/ Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2011). The Effects of Oil Price Hikes on Economic Activity and Inflation. Economics Department Policy Note No. 4. OECD. Shagar, L. K. (2013, December 2). Electricity tariff up by average 15% from Jan 1. The Star. Malaysia: Star Publications (M) Bhd. Shanmugam, M. (2013, December 23). Shake-up in the economy. Malaysia: The Edge Malaysia Weekly. Star Publications (M) Bhd. (2014, January 21). Traders to pay for steep prices. Retrieved from The Star Online: http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Nation/2014/01/21/Traders-to-pay-for-steep-prices-Shop-owners-will-be-taken-to-court-if-they-violate-regulation/ Tenaga Nasional Berhad. (2014). Tariff Rates. Retrieved from Tenaga Nasional: http://www.tnb.com.my/residential/pricing-and-tariff/tariff-rates.html The Economist. (2014, Jan 11th). Fuelling controversy. The $9 Trillion Sale (Almost) Everything Must Go! The Economist Newspaper Limited. The copyright of Nur Nisrin Alina Abdul Aziz (MBA Services Management, UniRazak)Page 1

The Tragedy Of Julius Caesar - Tragic Hero :: essays research papers

The Tragedy of Julius Caesar - Tragic Hero Essay In the play The Tragedy of Julius Caesar by William Shakespeare, I saw two main characters as tragic heroes. First, I saw Julius Caesar as a tragic hero because his will to gain power was so strong that he ended up losing his life for it. The fact that he could have been such a strong leader was destroyed when he was killed by conspirators. I saw Marcus Brutus as a second tragic hero in this play. Brutus was such a noble character that did not deserve to die. The main reason why he did die, however, was because he had led a conspiracy against Caesar and eventually killed him. These two characters were the tragic heroes of the play in my opinion.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Both Caesar and Brutus were main characters in this play. Two sides formed during the play, and these two characters were the leaders of each side, respectively. Also, each character held a high rank in the Roman society. Caesar was the ruler of the Roman Empire, and could basically do whatever he wanted due to his outstanding power. Brutus was a general for the Empire and he was respected and was seen as a noble man and true â€Å"Roman† by many.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Caesar and Brutus were truly noble people. Caesar was a dignified and courageous man. He gained his power through hard work and courage. However, Caesar was marked by a weakness: he wanted too much power. This weakness proved to be fatal in the play. Brutus, on the other hand, was a strong leader throughout the whole play. People listened to him easily and he showed his nobility by always being open to others. Despite his good character, he did make one fatal mistake in judgment. He killed Caesar thinking he would gain too much power, yet it was truly his friend Cassius’s jealously of Caesar that truly snared him into the conspiracy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Each of the two characters gained some kind of wisdom before they came to an unhappy end. Caesar found out that one of his best friends, Brutus, had betrayed him just seconds before he died from the daggers of the conspirators. Brutus also learns something before he dies. When he knows that Cassius had committed suicide, he too commits suicide. He knew that be doing that, Caesar’s ghost was truly avenged.

Why Study Skills Are Important

Study skills are important to maintain. Study skills help you excel in your academic career. They help you remember and learn new information. They also help you do well in your assignments, quizzes, and tests. That helps you pass to the next grade. You might ask, what are study skills? Examples of good study skills are classroom behavior, time management, organization, and memorization. Good classroom behavior includes active listening. Hearing is not listening.When you listen critically you are trying hard to learn something and you are sitting up straight and taking notes. Keep your eyes on the teacher, ignore noises and movements from others, and avoid daydreaming. Taking notes is good classroom behavior as well as making sure to socialize at appropriate times such as during breaks. As I previously stated time management is a study skill. Write down all homework and assignments along with their due dates in your agenda or planner.Make sure to Write down test dates, quiz dates, an d project due dates in your agenda or planner as well. Also, put all due dates down in your agenda or planner on the day before they are due as a reminder. Take the quiz dates, test dates, and project due dates from your agenda and write them on a calendar at home. Decide how much time you will spend studying after school and how often. Furthermore designate the specific time of day and the actual days for your study time. Memorization is also a study skill.Memorization includes reading notes aloud several times to yourself, and trying to connect the information to something familiar. Making acronyms, note cards, and your own quizzes from your notes can also help you memorize things. Organization is an important study skill that includes notebook organization, organizing your study place, and organizing your goals. To organize your notebooks keep a separate folder or notebook for each class. Put all homework assignments in one spot as well. Put all papers & classwork neatly in the p roper place, and straighten out your binder every Friday.Study skills are important because you use them to excel in you school work. Study skills include classroom behavior, time management, organization, and memorization. You need to listen in class if you want to learn. Time management is important because you have to turn assignments in on time in order to get a good grade. Organization is important because you need to know where your assignments and notes are. All of the above is important because they are all study skills. You need good study skills in order to excel in school.

Anatomy And Physiology Of Ckd - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2763 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/09/25 Category Advertising Essay Type Narrative essay Topics: Anatomy Essay Did you like this example? ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY Chronic Kidney Disease Cardiovascular System The cardiovascular system is sometimes called the circulatory system. It consists of the heart, which is a muscular pumping device, and a closed system of vessels called arteries, veins, and capillaries. As the name implies, blood contained in the circulatory system is pumped by the heart around a closed circuit of vessels as it passes again and again through the various circulations of the body. The Heart * The heart is enclosed by a sac known as the pericardium. There are three layers of tissues that form the heart wall. The outer layer of the heart wall is the epicardium, the middle layer is the myocardium, and the inner layer is the endocardium. The internal cavity of the heart is divided into four chambers: * Right atrium * Right ventricle * Left atrium * Left ventricle * The two atria are thin-walled chambers that receive blood from the veins. The two ventricles are thick-walled chambers that forcefu lly pump blood out of the heart. Differences in thickness of the heart chamber walls are due to variations in the amount of myocardium present, which reflects the amount of force each chamber is required to generate. The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from systemic veins; the left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins. Valves of the Heart Pumps need a set of valves to keep the fluid flowing in one direction and the heart is no exception. The heart has two types of valves that keep the blood flowing in the correct direction. The valves between the atria and ventricles are called atrioventricular valves (also called cuspid valves), while those at the bases of the large vessels leaving the ventricles are called semilunar valves. The right atrioventricular valve is the tricuspid valve. The left atrioventricular valve is the bicuspid, or mitral, valve. The valve between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk is the pulmonary semilunar valve. The valve between the left ventricle and the aorta is the aortic semilunar valve. When the ventricles contract, atrioventricular valves close to prevent blood from flowing back into the atria. When the ventricles relax, semilunar valves close to prevent blood from flowing back into the ventricles. Pathway of Blood through the Heart While it is convenient to describe the flow of blood through the right side of the heart and then through the left side, it is important to realize that both atria contract at the same time and both ventricles contract at the same time. The heart works as two pumps, one on the right and one on the left, working simultaneously. Blood flows from the right atrium to the right ventricle, and then is pumped to the lungs to receive oxygen. From the lungs, the blood flows to the left atrium, then to the left ventricle. From there it is pumped to the systemic circulation. Blood Supply to the Myocardium The myocardium of the heart wall is a working muscle that needs a continuous supply of oxygen and nutrients to function with efficiency. For this reason, cardiac muscle has an extensive network of blood vessels to bring oxygen to the contracting cells and to remove waste products. The right and left coronary arteries, branches of the ascending aorta, supply blood to the walls of the myocardium. After blood passes through the capillaries in the myocardium, it enters a system of cardiac (coronary) veins. Most of the cardiac veins drain into the coronary sinus, which opens into the right atrium. Blood Vessels Blood vessels are the channels or conduits through which blood is distributed to body tissues. The vessels make up two closed systems of tubes that begin and end at the heart. One system, the pulmonary vessels, transports blood from the right ventricle to the lungs and back to the left atrium. The other system, the systemic vessels, carries blood from the left ventricle to the tissues in all parts of the body and then returns the blood to t he right atrium. Based on their structure and function, blood vessels are classified as either arteries, capillaries, or veins. Arteries Arteries carry blood away from the heart. Pulmonary arteries transport blood that has a low oxygen content from the right ventricle to the lungs. Systemic arteries transport oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body tissues. Blood is pumped from the ventricles into large elastic arteries that branch repeatedly into smaller and smaller arteries until the branching results in microscopic arteries called arterioles. The arterioles play a key role in regulating blood flow into the tissue capillaries. About 10 percent of the total blood volume is in the systemic arterial system at any given time. The wall of an artery consists of three layers. The innermost layer, the tunica intima (or just intima), contains simple squamous epithelium, basement membrane and connective tissues. The epithelium is in direct contact with the blood flow. The middle layer, the tunica media, is primarily smooth muscle and is usually the thickest layer. It not only provides support for the vessel but also changes vessel diameter to regulate blood flow and blood pressure. The outermost layer, which attaches the vessel to the surrounding tissue, is the tunica externa or tunica adventitia. This layer is connective tissue with varying amounts of elastic and collagenous fibers. The connective tissue in this layer is quite dense where it is adjacent to the tunic media, but it changes to loose connective tissue near the periphery of the vesse Veins Veins carry blood toward the heart. After blood passes through the capillaries, it enters the smallest veins, called venules. From the venules, it flows into progressively larger and larger veins until it reaches the heart. In the pulmonary circuit, the pulmonary veins transport blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart. This blood has a high oxygen content because it has just been oxyge nated in the lungs. Systemic veins transport blood from the body tissue to the right atrium of the heart. This blood has a reduced oxygen content because the oxygen has been used for metabolic activities in the tissue cells. The walls of veins have the same three layers as the arteries. Although all the layers are present, there is less smooth muscle and connective tissue. This makes the walls of veins thinner than those of arteries, which is related to the fact that blood in the veins has less pressure than in the arteries. Because the walls of the veins are thinner and less rigid than arteries, veins can hold more blood. Almost 70 percent of the total blood volume is in the veins at any given time. Medium and large veins have venous valves, similar to the semilunar valves associated with the heart, that help keep the blood flowing toward the heart. Venous valves are especially important in the arms and legs, where they prevent the backflow of blood in response to the pull of gravity. Capillaries Capillaries, the smallest and most numerous of the blood vessels, form the connection between the vessels that carry blood away from the heart (arteries) and the vessels that return blood to the heart (veins). The primary function of capillaries is the exchange of materials between the blood and tissue cells. Capillary distribution varies with the metabolic activity of body tissues. Tissues such as skeletal muscle, liver, and kidney have extensive capillary networks because they are metabolically active and require an abundant supply of oxygen and nutrients. Other tissues, such as connective tissue, have a less abundant supply of capillaries. The epidermis of the skin and the lens and cornea of the eye completely lack a capillary network. About 5 percent of the total blood volume is in the systemic capillaries at any given time. Another 10 percent is in the lungs. Smooth muscle cells in the arterioles where they branch to form capillaries regulate blood f low from the arterioles into the capillaries. Role of the Capillaries In addition to forming the connection between the arteries and veins, capillaries have a vital role in the exchange of gases, nutrients, and metabolic waste products between the blood and the tissue cells. Substances pass through the capillaries wall by diffusion, filtration, and osmosis. Oxygen and carbon dioxide move across the capillary wall by diffusion. Fluid movement across a capillary wall is determined by a combination of hydrostatic and osmotic pressure. The net result of the capillary microcirculation created by hydrostatic and osmotic pressure is that substances leave the blood at one end of the capillary and return at the other end. Urinary System The principal function of the urinary system is to maintain the volume and composition of body fluids within normal limits. One aspect of this function is to rid the body of waste products that accumulate as a result of cellular metabolism. Other aspect s of its function include regulating the concentrations of various electrolytes in the body fluids and maintaining normal pH of the blood. In addition to maintaining fluid homeostasis in the body, the urinary system controls red blood cell production by secreting the hormone erythropoietin. The urinary system also plays a role in maintaining normal blood pressure by secreting the enzyme renin. The urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. The kidneys form the urine and account for the other functions attributed to the urinary system. The ureters carry the urine away from kidneys to the urinary bladder, which is a temporary reservoir for the urine. The urethra is a tubular structure that carries the urine from the urinary bladder to the outside. Kidneys The kidneys are the primary organs of the urinary system. The kidneys are the organs that filter the blood, remove the wastes, and excrete the wastes in the urine. They are the organs that perfo rm the functions of the urinary system. The other components are accessory structures to eliminate the urine from the body. The paired kidneys are located between the twelfth thoracic and third lumbar vertebrae, one on each side of the vertebral column. The right kidney usually is slightly lower than the left because the liver displaces it downward. The kidneys protected by the lower ribs, lie in shallow depressions against the posterior abdominal wall and behind the parietal peritoneum. This means they are retroperitoneal. Each kidney is held in place by connective tissue, called renal fascia, and is surrounded by a thick layer of adipose tissue, called perirenal fat, which helps to protect it. A tough, fibrous, connective tissue renal capsule closely envelopes each kidney and provides support for the soft tissue that is inside. In the adult, each kidney is approximately 3 cm thick, 6 cm wide, and 12 cm long. It is roughly bean-shaped with an indentation, called the hilum, on the medial side. The hilum leads to a large cavity, called the renal sinus, within the kidney. The ureter and renal vein leave the kidney, and the renal artery enters the kidney at the hilum. The outer, reddish region, next to the capsule, is the renal cortex. This surrounds a darker reddish-brown region called the renal medulla. The renal medulla consists of a series of renal pyramids, which appear striated because they contain straight tubular structures and blood vessels. The wide bases of the pyramids are adjacent to the cortex and the pointed ends, called renal papillae, are directed toward the center of the kidney. Portions of the renal cortex extend into the spaces between adjacent pyramids to form renal columns. The cortex and medulla make up the parenchyma, or functional tissue, of the kidney. The central region of the kidney contains the renal pelvis, which is located in the renal sinus and is continuous with the ureter. The renal pelvis is a large cavity that colle cts the urine as it is produced. The periphery of the renal pelvis is interrupted by cuplike projections called calyces. A minor calyx surrounds the renal papillae of each pyramid and collects urine from that pyramid. Several minor calyces converge to form a major calyx. From the major calyces the urine flows into the renal pelvis and from there into the ureter. Each kidney contains over a million functional units, called nephrons, in the parenchyma (cortex and medulla). A nephron has two parts: a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule. The renal corpuscle consists of a cluster of capillaries, called the glomerulus, surrounded by a double-layered epithelial cup, called the glomerular capsule. An afferent arteriole leads into the renal corpuscle and an efferent arteriole leaves the renal corpuscle. Urine passes from the nephrons into collecting ducts then into the minor calyces. The juxtaglomerular apparatus, which monitors blood pressure and secretes renin, is formed from modified ce lls in the afferent arteriole and the ascending limb of the nephron loop. Ureter Each ureter is a small tube, about 25 cm long, that carries urine from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder. It descends from the renal pelvis, along the posterior abdominal wall, behind the parietal peritoneum, and enters the urinary bladder on the posterior inferior surface. The wall of the ureter consists of three layers. The outer layer, the fibrous coat, is a supporting layer of fibrous connective tissue. The middle layer, the muscular coat, consists of inner circular and outer longitudinal smooth muscle. The main function of this layer is peristalsis to propel the urine. The inner layer, the mucosa, is transitional epithelium that is continuous with the lining of the renal pelvis and the urinary bladder. This layer secretes mucus which coats and protects the surface of the cells. Urinary Bladder The urinary bladder is a temporary storage reservoir for urine. It is located in the pelvic ca vity, posterior to the symphysis pubis, and below the parietal peritoneum. The size and shape of the urinary bladder varies with the amount of urine it contains and with pressure it receives from surrounding organs. The inner lining of the urinary bladder is a mucous membrane of transitional epithelium that is continuous with that in the ureters. When the bladder is empty, the mucosa has numerous folds called rugae. The rugae and transitional epithelium allow the bladder to expand as it fills. The second layer in the walls is the submucosa that supports the mucous membrane. It is composed of connective tissue with elastic fibers. The next layer is the muscularis, which is composed of smooth muscle. The smooth muscle fibers are interwoven in all directions and collectively these are called the detrusor muscle. Contraction of this muscle expels urine from the bladder. On the superior surface, the outer layer of the bladder wall is parietal peritoneum. In all other regions, the o uter layer is fibrous connective tissue. There is a triangular area, called the trigone, formed by three openings in the floor of the urinary bladder. Two of the openings are from the ureters and form the base of the trigone. Small flaps of mucosa cover these openings and act as valves that allow urine to enter the bladder but prevent it from backing up from the bladder into the ureters. The third opening, at the apex of the trigone, is the opening into the urethra. A band of the detrusor muscle encircles this opening to form the internal urethral sphincter. Urethra The final passageway for the flow of urine is the urethra, a thin-walled tube that conveys urine from the floor of the urinary bladder to the outside. The opening to the outside is the external urethral orifice. The mucosal lining of the urethra is transitional epithelium. The wall also contains smooth muscle fibers and is supported by connective tissue. The internal urethral sphincter surrounds the beginning of th e urethra, where it leaves the urinary bladder. This sphincter is smooth (involuntary) muscle. Another sphincter, the external urethral sphincter, is skeletal (voluntary) muscle and encircles the urethra where it goes through the pelvic floor. These two sphincters control the flow of urine through the urethra. In females, the urethra is short, only 3 to 4 cm (about 1. 5 inches) long. The external urethral orifice opens to the outside just anterior to the opening for the vagina. In males, the urethra is much longer, about 20 cm (7 to 8 inches) in length, and transports both urine and semen. The first part, next to the urinary bladder, passes through the prostate gland and is called the prostatic urethra. The second part, a short region that penetrates the pelvic floor and enters the penis, is called the membranous urethra. The third part, the spongy urethra, is the longest region. This portion of the urethra extends the entire length of the penis, and the external urethral orifice opens to the outside at the tip of the penis. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Anatomy And Physiology Of Ckd" essay for you Create order